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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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Published: December 20, 2000
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Article type: Cover
2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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Taeko NAKAMURA
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
2129-2162
Published: December 20, 2000
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In the first half of the 12th century, Syrian cities entered into various kinds of agreements with the Crusaders who had secured their settlements in Syria, thus regarding these westerners as one of the local powers. Many economic agreements were concluded in the from of the appendix to a truce and were mainly in terms of an offer of money and horses, tribute, division of produce and public security on the main roads. Both the Syrian cities and the Crusaders considered these agreements as a economic policy in order to secure the produce from limited farm land and obtain commercial rights. Most of the agreemetns were renewed by occasional negotiation and bargaining, though we find abrogations and changes in conditions reflecting the balance of power. Military alliances were sometimes formed during the jihads, which were fundamentally the opposite of military alliances. Syrian cities merely used the jihad as a poicy to protect their own territory and even to weaken an opposing city. It was the same with the Saljuqid Sultan. They used military alliances and the jihads to ensure their own political stability and keep other powers from expanding. Syria was politically fragmented and had no dominant power. All the Syrian cities, including the Crusader States, maintained power by the economic agreements and conserved the balance of power through military alliances and the jihads. However, Aleppo in Northern Syria had been in a state of war for a long time, and its arable land had been reduced. Moreover, its balance of power policy, mostly agreements on division of produce, led to the financial crisis in Aleppo. To overcome these difficulties, the citizens of Aleppo tried to introduce a strong power from al-Jazira, but two of the three new al-Jazira rulers employed the same balance of power policy using both agreements and jihads, which caused distress in Aleppo to continue. It was the third ruler, Zangi, who began to break this balance of co-existence and confrontation. He aimed at the farm land of Southern Syria asa source of compensating the increase in war expenditure caused by his refusal to maintain the balance of power policy. He was a common enemy to both Damascus and the Crusaders, who had coexisted based on the agreements on division of produce from the farm land lying between them. They formed the military alliances to oppose Zangi.
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Keizo ASAJI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
2163-2188
Published: December 20, 2000
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During the time of the Barons' War and its aftermath, two eyres were held in Cambridgeshire, one in 1261 and the other in 1268. In the rolls of those eyres, kept in the Public Record Office in London, 179 names are found in the jurors' list of 1261, and 200 names in that of 1268, while 63 names appear in both. In 1268, other than the ordinary hundred jurors, some 13 persons were selected as "juratores hundredorum de Comitatu Cantebrigie." They were to present the "seisiatores, " those who seized the land of the Disinherited, namely the adherents of Simon de Montfort. Whenpresenting, did those jurors work with a local concern in mind? Or were they influenced by the king or the magnates? This paper investigates whether the influence from outside, that is from the king or the magnates, influenced jury verdicts by taking up the case of the hundred jury of Armingford, Cambridgeshire in the 1260s. If outside influence was not effective, then we must conclude that verdicts were determined autonomously by the jurors themselves. Generally speaking, hundred jurors commonly tended to avoid presenting theirneighbours.However, in some cases, they presented with a kind of factiously spirited intention. Using Farrer's Feudal Cambridgeshire and some other authorities, the author studies the relations between the jurors and their lords or patrons to see if resident landlords were rarely presented by jurys or not. It is interesting to note that Peter of Savoy, the queen's uncle, was presented by the jury several times, while the Earl of Gloucester, once a leading reformer against the king, was never presented of the charge of trespassing. Regarding Warin de Bassingbourn, who used royal favour to take other people's land for his oun use, thehundred jury, or select jury, showed feelings of hate. As to how the Earl of Gloucester benefited the local people, immediately after the battle of Evesham in 1265, he played a prominent role in seising the land of the Disinherited before the king's favourites could come to disseise their wealth. The Earl's influence on the local people was through patronage in keeping their tenures, while the king planned to grant the land to his favourites for their service to him. Within the Armingford Hundred there was not conflict but rivalry between the king and the Earl of Gloucester during the 1260s.
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Shin'ichiro TAKAHASHI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
2189-2202
Published: December 20, 2000
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In this paper the author discusses the position of jozukai 定使 in terms of its role in the collection of a premodern form of house rent, called jishi 地子, a duty levied on urban residents by proprietors of the land they lived on. We know that such a custom was very widespread in the capital of Kyoto during the Muromachi, but there is little known to data about how it was collected. The author proceeds by taking up the case of jozukai acting under one of Kyoto's most prominent landowners, the Toji 東寺 temple complex. First, however, he takes up the proprietorship of Reizei-in-Machi, which was divided among several aristocrats of the sixth rank attached to one of the Ministry of State's secretariats (Geki-kyoku 外記局, and Benkan-kyoku 弁官局), who levied jishi in the form of money on the district's residents. The duties of jozukai were 1)collecting jishi, 2)expediting payment from tenants in arrears, 3)surveying and appraising the land under their supervision, 4)acting as caretakers, and 5)negotiating with third parties. Expediting payment, land surveying and caretaking were natural extensions of the tax collecting function, while negotiating with third parties in many cases concerned money-lending. Jozukai were acting in the capacity of kunin 公人, which in the case of Rezei-in-Machi under the proprietorship of aristocrats, may be interpreted as a low level public official;but in the case of Toji Temple kunin should be thought of as low level temple personnel. As to the personage of jozukai, they were by and large fairly wealthy urban dwellers, many of whom were engaged inlivelihoods besides rent collection. The author concludes by saying that in the city of Kyoto during the Muromachi period, it was the post of jozukai that was charged with the collection and management of jishi, which in turn determined the relationship between the city's land proprietors and its general citizenry.
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Hanayo NOGUCHI
Article type: Article
2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
2203-2210
Published: December 20, 2000
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Fumio KOBAYASHI
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
2211-2218
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
2221-2222
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
2223-2224
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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2000 Volume 109 Issue 12 Pages
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