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Article type: Cover
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
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Published: November 20, 2001
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Article type: Cover
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
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Natsuko TAKASE
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
1909-1940
Published: November 20, 2001
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Yang Yan 楊炎 established a new financial system centered around the Department of Public Revenue 度支, through the consolidation of the Treasury of the Left 左蔵庫 and the implementation of the two-tax system 両税法. He abolished the finance commissioners system to restore the duties of the Departments of the Treasury 金部 and Granaries 倉部 in the 1st year of Jian-zhong 建中 (780). His purpose was to hold on the fiscal reins instead of the commissioners. In the background of these developments lay the growth of the finance commissioners' power in the wake of the rebellion of An Lu-shan 安禄山. In other words, the finance commissioners were an encumbrance to Yang Yan, who aimed to strengthen the authority of the prime minister in order to centralize power. In the background of the promotion of centralization was the extension of the influence of local military commander 藩鎮, reducing the ruling power of the central government after An Lu-shan's rebellion. Yang Yan set about reforming the financial structure because he thought that it was necessary for the central government to centralize public finance in order to secure revenue. He also thought that the prime minister should administer the national economy as a leader to cope with the increase in the commissioners' power. Therefore, he abolished the commissioners to entrust fiscal affairs to the Departments of the Treasury and Granaries, and controlled those affairs by managing personnel affairs. Furthermore, it is thought that the prime minister could also take the reins of the two-tax system, which had been controlled by the Department of Public Revenue since Yang Yan himself concurrently held a post in that department. Therefore, all central fiscal affairs could be put under the prime minister. Yang Yan took the position that all tax revenues, including those from patents, should be centralized under national public finance, especially for the unifying fiscal affairs under the prime minister of the central government. It was not long before the finance commissioner system was restored, as Yang Yen's attempts resulted in failure. However, it should be noted that Yang Yen's idea of centralizing finance was realized in the Yuan-he 元和 period, when the central government strengthened its ruling power over local government.
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Jun'ji BANNO
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
1941-1943
Published: November 20, 2001
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Yuko TAKAHASHI
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
1944-1969
Published: November 20, 2001
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The aim of this paper is offer a substantive image of Attic society in the Early Iron Age through a discussion of the available archaeological evidence. In the first section, the author defines her research theme, then in the second discusses the recent research on the Early Iron Age in Greece. From section three, she begins her examination of Athens and Attica. First, she considers the transitional period from the Bronze to the Early Iron Age, focussing on Athens, then on Attica. Regarding Attica, there are six excavation sites to explore in detail : namely, Elefsina (Eleusis), the cemetery of Nea Ionia, the sanctuary of Imittos (Hymettos), Vravrona (Brauron), Thorikos, and Perati. Next, she turns to later part of the Early Iron Age, discussing the so-called tomb cult on the Bronze Age tombs. From here investigation she concludes that the early part of the Early Iron Age (from the Sub-Mycenaean period to the first half of the Protogeometric period) was marked by Athens as a large thriving settlement and Attica as extremely under-populated ; however, from the mid-Protogeometric period, on several settlements developed gradually in Attica. From the related four excavation sites, there is evidence of the tomb cult ("ancestor" cult), which has been identified as late eighth or early seventh century BC. She is of the opinion that the tomb cult existed to claim ownership land in the settlements and practice local autochthony. She also suggests that in the background of the Attic tomb cult lay significant social and political changes, such as the founding of new settlements and the growth of Athen's power on the strength of its colonization of Attica.
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Naoki ODANAKA
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
1970-1993
Published: November 20, 2001
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In the first half of the nineteenth-century, a system of restricted suffrage dominated the French political scenes. This article analyzes the debate in the Chamber of Deputies over electoral and municipal bills just after the July Revolution, in the hope of answering the following three questions : first, what was the condition necessary for participating in the politics? secondly, how was it logically legitimized? and thirdly, what kind of image did the ruling class hold politics and society? This article also tries to approach the above questions concretely by analyzing the reaction which the electoral and municipal laws met within the cities and rural areas. Three conclusions have been reached. First, three factions coexisted among the ruling class : the Movement Party, which regarded the possession of knowledge as the condition necessary for participating in politics ; the Resistance Party, which regarded the possession of wealth as the necessary condition; and the Legitimists and Republicans, who advocated universal male suffrage. Secondly, concerning the logic legitimizing these conditions, the Movement Party stressed the possession of knowledge and political interest, while the Resistance Party emphasized political interest. The Legitimists and the Republicans legitimized the universal suffrage by the fact that every person has political interests. Finally, the Movement Party held an image of elitist politics and a society stratified intellectually, the Resistance Party that of class politics and plutocracy, and the Legitimists and Republicans that of interest politics.
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Tei MORITA
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
1994-2000
Published: November 20, 2001
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Keiko HONGO
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2001-2007
Published: November 20, 2001
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Koji NAKAKITA
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2007-2015
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2016-
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2016-
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2016-2017
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2017-
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2017-
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2018-2019
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2019-2020
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2021-2022
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2022-2023
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2023-2024
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2024-2025
Published: November 20, 2001
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2025-2026
Published: November 20, 2001
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[Author not found]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2058-2055
Published: November 20, 2001
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[Author not found]
Article type: Article
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
2054-2027
Published: November 20, 2001
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Article type: Appendix
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
App1-
Published: November 20, 2001
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Article type: Appendix
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
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Published: November 20, 2001
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Article type: Appendix
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
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Published: November 20, 2001
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Article type: Cover
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
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Published: November 20, 2001
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Article type: Cover
2001 Volume 110 Issue 11 Pages
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Published: November 20, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: November 30, 2017
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