How did the traders change themselves in order to continue their business in the nineteenth century Indian Ocean when the West took her under its influence? This article chooses the distributors of the slave towards the Oman-Persian Gulf area from the East African coast as the case study and examines following subjects ; 1. Who did distribute slaves? 2. How did they change themselves between 1850s and early 1860s in order to continue their activity when British anti-slave trade campaign began to progress over the western Indian Ocean? The results of the examination are follows ; 1. Transport of slave took place not solely, but together with other trading articles, such as salt and wooden poles, contrary to some of contemporary documents which regarded the people transporting such articles with slaves as "Slaver". Both Oman-Persian area and east African coast needed the articles conveyed by these distributors, because they made up for deficiencies which were based on each natural environment. One can recognise that these couple of areas were connected each other by the articles conveyed by them. Of course, these distributors brought slaves from east African coast to the Oman-Persian area ; however, it is a part of their activities. Moreover, it is the traditional structure of the Indian Ocean world repeated by historians that the different areas connected each other with such exchange indicates. in other words, such traditional structure of the Indian Ocean still functioned in the 19^<th> century, despite that some scholars argue that it was destroyed in this period. If one call these people who made efforts to continue their slave dealing as slaver, (s) he shall put the responsibility for making such slaver to the British anti-slave trade activity. 2. The distributors changed themselves as follows ; firstly, as British anti-slave trade campaign progressed, they began to unite closely each other in order to continue their conveyance of slaves, though this article had been just one of the articles which they transported. In addition, they paid attention to the diplomatic affairs concerning to the slave trade, and utilised anti-slave trade treaties finding these loopholes. Such behaviour is impracticable unless they made themselves subordinate to the treaties, there fore one shall evaluate such behaviour as a form of the strategic subordination to the orders created by the Britain at this period.

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Japan during the 8^<th> century AD was governed under a highly sophisticated Chinese legal system of administrative and penal codes, called ritsuryo whose regional military affairs were carried out by locally based regiments. This article intends to clarify the character of such gundan acting under the detailed provisions of the ritsuryo military code and how they functioned within the system of local governance. The focus is placed on regiment commanders (referred to generically as gunki) and the nature and origins of their relationship to provincial governors in commanding the gundan. The author concludes from his investigation that commanding officers were 1) soldiers with specialized military skills (shi), 2) were commanders capable of mobilizing a fully prepared gundan at a moment's notice, emphasizing training in specialized skills enabling their troops to respond effectively to even the most unexpected occurrences, and 3) orchestrated the military force which supported the ruling authority of provincial governors. The regimental order was by and large fiscally supported by the provincial and district (gun) governments. The gundan were organized based on the practices of Emperor Tenmu in his victory during the Jinshin War of Succession (672), in which the military forces under the command of influential local families were mobilized by the central government, thus ensuring military support for the regimes of provincial governors and maintaining the status quo. However, not only the internal factors of the Jinshin War, but also the external factor of national security in the wake of the defeat at Hakusuki-no-E should be taken into consideration. In contrast to regional military forces prior to the 7^<th> century, the significance of the formation of the ritsuryo gundan system should be sought in the creation of a standing army under the command of provincial governors ready to be utilized by the central government in response to its political agenda for governing the archipelago.

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This article focuses on the interest and participation of retired emperor Gotoba in performing arts, understood as shodo (lit. various pursuits) during his regime, and compares his activities with those of other emperors. In concrete terms, the author collected approximately 3000 items regarding performing arts related to the imperial courts during the regimes of the retired emperors (In) during the early medieval period, focusing on the term shodo and extracting common elements from items related to it, in order to show that from the regime of Goshirakawa-In, the emperors' participation in the performing arts became one ideal of Japanese kingship and was a determining factor in the diversity and talent characterizing Gotoba-In. From the fact that emperors in medieval Japan were expected to be well-versed in all aspects of the performing arts, it should be a problem that the court culture of the In regimes would be characterized by unprecedented popularity and breadth in forms of entertainment, surpassing the traditional imperial pursuits, which were limited to merely poetry and music. Although the emperors of the In regimes were expected to be personally involved in a wide range of cultural pursuits, in fact such attempts were not always successful. Goshirakawa-In, partly succeeded, but on the other hand he did not become actively involved in either poetry or music and did not live up to his expected role as a participating patron of the arts. It was Gotoba-In who filled this gap and became a leader in promoting and participating in the lively cultural aspects of court life. Diversity was the trademark of the Gotoba-In performing arts, and with the exception of a partial interruption due to the Jokyu Incident (1221), set the cultural standards for kingship during the entire medieval period.

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