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Article type: Cover
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
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Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Cover
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
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Takashi HASEGAWA
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1711-1746
Published: October 20, 2008
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From the latter half of the second to the first half of the third century A.D., inland Gaul enjoyed economical prosperity, despite negative influences of domestic civil unrest and foreign invasion. It was the nauta who played an important role in this economic development, making good use of a network utilizing a system of well-positioned inland waterways. It is surprising, therefore, that the research to date has discussed nauta only from the viewpoint of Roman corporations and commerce focused on a single region. In contrast, the present article attempts to reconsider nauta in the context of Gallic society. Upon examination of 46 epigraphical materials, the author identifies a specific case of a nauta corporation, Corpus Nautarum Araricorum (hereafter, Nauta Araricus), which appointed one of its own members as its patron, in stark contrast to other nauta corporations which were accustomed to appointing non-members as their patrons. As to the background to this peculiarity within the Nauta Araricus, further investigation shows that 1) it cannot be argued that political weakness was the cause, and 2) even though the Nauta Araricus patron was inferior in social status to the patrons of the other nauta corporations, it turns out that he also held the position of patron over a powerful corporation of wine merchants in Lugdunum (Lyon), the commercial and political center of the three Gallic provinces (Lugdunensis, Aquitania, Belgica). The author concludes that in contrast to the other regions in the west of the Roman Empire, Lugdunum was characterized by merchants taking the initiative in forming networks linking various corporations, locally and autonomously, relatively free of clientage to the Roman ruling class.
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Kohei KATAOKA
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1747-1782
Published: October 20, 2008
Released on J-STAGE: December 01, 2017
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Two times at which the kind of social relations an individual is involved in become very clear is when he is born and when he dies. Observing the behavior of people surrounding a new-born infant and a dying person is an effective way of clarifying the social relations that will or have determined that person's life. The present article attempts such an observation in the hope of shedding light upon the nature of social relations in medieval Japan. It was a dominant idea at the time that as soon as a person was born or died, pollution was generated. As to how the people around the new-born or the deceased reacted, the seemingly natural response of avoidance was not the case. Rather, from the mideleventh century on, a way of thinking came into vogue regarding the spontaneous pollution emanating from the natural life cycle as having a positive meaning. That is to say, a change was occurring in how people reacted to pollution, indicating the formation of a new set of social relations characteristic of medieval Japan. The "victim" of such unintentional, spontaneous pollution became the social group described in the sources as ikka 一家 (lit. "the family"), which from the end of the Heian period indicated in functional terms, a group composed of the new-born's (deceased's) patrilineage and lateral kin. The occurrence of such pollution on an "ikka" scale is a specific phenomenon of the process by which patrilineal households (ie 家) precipitated out of ancient period extended patrilineal clans (uji 氏). One important feature of this new kinship organization was the succession of rights enjoyed by parents directly to their children, and made rituals conducted at the moments of birth and death important for firmly establishing and legitimizing parent-offspring relations.
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Ritsuto YOSHIDA
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1783-1807
Published: October 20, 2008
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At the time of the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, a system for disaster relief mobilization in Japan was already in place; however, it is not clear exactly when military regiments, which were formed during the early Meiji Era for the purpose of defense against attack from abroad and the maintenance of internal security to stabilize the Restoration government, were put in charge of protecting life and property from the threat of national disasters. The research to date on the internal function of the military; that is, maintaining law and order, has focused mainly on its peacekeeping function with respect to quelling civil unrest, while not putting enough emphasis on protection and relief. Consequently, the present article, attempts to shed light on the transformation taking place in the military's social function in modern Japan and the meaning of its "disaster mobilization" programs, by clarifying the process in which troops were deployed in disaster relief, based on an investigation of the changing attitudes of the military towards disaster and evolving legal institutions like the Garrisoning Ordinance of 1888. Originally, measures to be taken by the military in response to disasters fell in the realm of "defense," while relief efforts were fundamentally considered outside that realm. Consequently, the revisions made to the Garrisoning Ordinance in March 1910 provided for a system under which the military was to be deployed in the case of national disaster. Accordingly, "disaster" came to be defined not only as man-made threats to the state and its subjects, such as rebellion and rioting, but also included natural calamities from which the state and it subjects must be protected. This process of systemizing disaster relief also marked a process of change in military consciousness clearly recognizing the existence of the "nation" as an important element of the Japanese state and society. That is to say, under conditions in which the nation had been mobilized in a successful war effort, the military could no longer ignore public opinion and was forced to change itself accordingly. The changing ways in which it responded to disasters should be considered as one example of the proactive and concrete measures taken by the military to engage with the Japanese masses.
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Ken'ichiro KUBO
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1808-1813
Published: October 20, 2008
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Shigeru NAKAYAMA
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1813-1822
Published: October 20, 2008
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Yasuhiro MATSUI
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1822-1830
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1831-1833
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1833-1834
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1834-1835
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1835-1836
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1836-1837
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1837-1839
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1839-1840
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1840-1841
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1841-1842
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1842-1843
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1843-1844
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1844-1845
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1845-1846
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1846-1847
Published: October 20, 2008
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1848-
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[Author not found]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1878-1875
Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1874-
Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1874-
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1873-1872
Published: October 20, 2008
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[Author not found]
Article type: Article
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
1871-1849
Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
App1-
Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
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Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Appendix
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
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Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Cover
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
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Published: October 20, 2008
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Article type: Cover
2008 Volume 117 Issue 10 Pages
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Published: October 20, 2008
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