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Article type: Cover
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Cover
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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Kanako KIMURA
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
1-39
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This article examines according to what information and for what reasons Japan attempted to set up a system for capturing suspicious foreign ships shipwrecked in Korean waters and the manner in which Joseon, which accepted the arrangement, implemented those transfer requests and disposed of the ships, within the context of its relations with Qing China and Japan. After its prohibition of Christianity and in the aftermath of the Jesuit Infiltration Plots of 1642 and 43, Japan requested that in the case of any suspicious ships adrift in Korean waters, Joseon divert them to Japan House (J: Wakan/K: Waegwan 倭館) in Pusan for transfer to Japan. From testimony given by Jesuit missionaries apprehended in the Infiltration Plots, the Japanese authorities were cognizant of the possibility that more missionaries would launch similar attempts from Korean shores and were thus on the alert. In order to maintain friendly relations between the two countries, Joseon accepted Japan's request, replying that it would divert all suspicious vessels to Japan House. The ships of Ming Dynasty subjects were frequently cast adrift upon Korean shores, and in the midst of the transition from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty, Joseon as a tributary of Qing was obligated to return Ming subjects to the Qing authorities, which opened the possibility that those people would be executed upon their arrival in Qing China. Upon the shipwreck of a Ming vessel in 1644, Joseon, which was thankful to the Ming Dynasty for defending her from Japanese invasion and felt obligated to help Ming subjects, tried to save the survivors by sending them to Japan under the pretense that they were possible Christian adherents. Pleased with Joseon's response, Japan requested that any suspicious ships adrift in Korean waters would continue to be diverted to Japan House. However, when the next Ming shipwreck occurred, a Qing Dynasty envoy happened to be visting Joseon, making it, impossible to transfer survivors to Japan without drawing the attention of the Qing envoy. On that occasion Joseon King Injo decided to confer with the envoy about how to deal with Ming survivors. Although the consultation did not take place due to the surrender of the Ming subjects to Qing authorities, Qing Dynasty, wary of the military alliance formed between the Ming Dynasty and Japan, forbade Joseon from sending Ming subjects to Japan. At the same time, Joseon reported to the Qing Dynasty the fact of Japan's request for the diversion of suspicious ships, as well as the dispatch of Ming envoys to Japan in search of military assistance, emphasizing a Japanese threat to Qing security, all in the hope of gaining such concessions as exemptions from Qing-imposed rice and maritime corvee duties, the lifting of prohibitions on the building and repair of military fortifications and the resumption of army training. Although Joseon's plan was initially successful, upon the enthronement of Joseon King Hyojong, Qing China reprimanded Joseon for citing a Japanese threat as an excuse for remilitarization. Consequently, fearing the anger of Qing China, Joseon proceeded to return all shipwrecked Ming subjects (with some exceptions) to the Qing authorities. Nevertheless, the debate continued within Joseon on the strength of strong anti-Qing sentiment as to whether or not to send shipwrecked Ming subjects to Japan as suspected Christian adherents.
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Katsumi FUKASAWA
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
40-42
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Kazuyuki UCHIYAMA
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
43-66
Published: January 20, 2015
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In the research to date on banks established during the Meiji period by members of the samurai class (shizoku 士族), the roles played by the former feudal lords of the Tokugawa period (hanshu 藩主) has been evaluated in terms of their stock holdings and size of deposits. However, when viewed in the light of the investment made in all national banks, the initial capital contributed by ex-hanshu in the establishment of shizoku banks was, with few exceptions, not very large. The same problem is encountered when analyzing the historiographical materials utilized by the conventional research, such as business reports and statistical summaries. It is for these reasons that the author of this article has set about examining the relationship between ex-hanshu and shizoku banks, by taking up the case of the Tachibana Clan, hanshu of former Yanagawa Fief (present day Yanagawa City, Fukuoka Prefecture and its environs), and the Dai-Kyujuroku National Bank, utilizing that family's records and concentrating on three concrete issues. The first is the question of how the cash held by ex-hanshu was utilized in relation to the shizoku banks. The author shows that it was these cash holdings that supported bank operations, not only in the areas of shareholding and deposits, but also in other situations, such as during the time before the issuance of banking licenses and during shortages of a bank's specie. The second issue concerns what kinds of people empowered the relationships between ex-hanshu and shizoku banks. Here, the author finds that it was specific mid-level managers of former clan fiefs (churo 中老) who exerted influence on ex-hanshu decision making and served as bank directors. Finally, the author examines the institution and social function of the currency exchange rate system linking the Tachibana Clan's residence in Tokyo with the main house in Yanagawa during the short period around 1877. He finds that prior to the conclusion of a correspondent arrangement between the Dai-Kyujuroku National Bank and the Bank in Tokyo, an internal exchange rate system was already functioning within the Tachibana Clan and was being utilized by not only the Clan's household, but also shizoku who were former Clan vassals, for such purposes as remitting funds to their sons studying in Tokyo. From the above findings, the author concludes that during the formative stages of shizoku banking, it was ex-hanshu, like the Tachibana Clan, who lent support in the midst of a weak operational base and underdeveloped financial functions, and also served the social function of financially linking the country's center with the provinces.
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Yusuke MUKAI
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
67-75
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S. Noriko YAMABE
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
76-84
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Makiko SANTOKI
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
84-92
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
93-94
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
94-95
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
95-96
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[in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
96-97
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
97-98
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Article
2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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2015 Volume 124 Issue 1 Pages
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