The aim of this article is to make clear the facts and the relations concerning the agricultural policies in Northern Wei dynasty, which furnished the Chun-t'ien system promulgated at the close of the 5th century as the institutional preconditions. On the eve of the promulgation of the Chun-t'ien system, under the rule of Northern Wei, influential persons occupied not only cultivated lands but also Shan-lin-sou-tse (山林藪沢), and on the other hand the lower classes could not even keep their own housing lands. The aim of the Chun-t'ien system, I suppose, was not to destroy the vast manors which were managed by privileged classes, but to open the Shan-lin-sou-tse which were enclosed on a small scale by influential persons in province. I think that these enclosures had suddenly popularized after the establishment of Wu-Hu dynasties. Under this circumstance, Northern Wei government tried to increase agricultural production. Abstract and general instructions were mainly promulgated to the whole country in the 440's when Northern Wei had unified the Hua-pei (華北) district by overthrowing Northern Liang dynasty, and the 470-480's when it had seized the Shan-tung (山東) and Huai-Pei (淮北) districts from Sung dynasty. In the 440's the instructions aimed at the prohibition of local officials' dishonest acts, because at that time neither the Feng-lu (俸禄) System nor the K'ao-k'e (考課) system for local officials was established. But in the 470-480's the K'ao-k'e system had already been established, therefore, the government promulgated the instructions about agriculture in order to grasp agricultural production through local officials and to direct them to give punishments or prizes to peasants. The reason why the agricultural policies in the 470-480's had this feature is that the government intended to use the cattle, privately owned among the people, for promoting the official agricultural policies. However, the most remarkable feature lies in the fact that not only cultivated lands for grain but also another kind of lands were included in the object of these agricultural policies. And it is especially important that the government released their own Shan-lin-sou-tse for peasants. Accordingly, we can assume that the agricultural policies were positively promoted and gradually developped in the 440's and the 470-480's. And there were many instances of these agricultural policies in the whole country during the both periods, but in the 470-480's, they had wider range in provinces and classes and more varieties in their characters. However, those agricultural policies could not destroy the enclosures of Shan-lin-sou-tse by influential persons in province, on the contrary, the government could not carry out these policies without cooperation of them. This is the difference between the agricultural policies before the Chun-t'ien system and Chun-t'ien system.
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