The Chokozassho of Aki (『徴古雑抄・安芸』) edited by Kosugi Onson (小杉榲邨) contains a large number of deeds of sale related to Mita-go (三田郷) and Kazahaya-go (風早郷) of Takada-gun (高田郡) in the Province of Aki (安芸) in the late Heian period. In this essay, the author first studies how these deeds of sale passed into the hands of the Itsukushima Shrine. As a result of this study, it became apparent that all these deeds of sale were originally held by the Fujiwara Family magistrates of Takada-gun ; later, all deeds of sale passed into the hands of Saeki Kagehiro, a shinto priest of Itsukushima Shrine. However, originals were transmitted to the shrine by the Nakahara Family, while the copies, which had been handed down within the Fujiwara Family magistrates, were trapsferred to the shrine by them. Study of these documents revealed, however, that the Fujiwara magistrates commended, or otherwise transferred the proprietorship of these lands, even though the Fujiwara Family was not the final purchaser entered on the deeds of sale themselves. Next, the author further looked at the process by which deeds of sale came into the possession of the Fujiwara magistrates. He found that the proprietorships appearing in these deeds of sale were those which the provincial officials (在庁官人) and local officials (郡司・郷司) responsible for taxation had confiscated from the local residents for taxation reasons. A survey by the author of taxation units (名) which are recorded in land registers (大田文) as betsumyo (別名) and beppu (別符) belonging to provincial offices also leads him to infer that such lands had come into the hands of provincial officials in much the same way as the lands in Takada-gun.

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During the T'ang Period there were seven forms of imperial edict. Of these, the most important type was chih (制). Of the documents to which the name chih was given, there were chih-shu (制書) and wei-lao chih-shu (慰労制書). In addition, the T'ang literature produces such variations as mo-chih (墨制), shou-chih (手制) and yi-chih (遺制), and there are also the words, te-yin (徳音) and she-shu (赦書). While mo-chih and shou-chih are synonyms for wei-lao chih-shu, the others are merely different names for chih-shu itself. Despite the chih-shu being beyond a doubt the most important type of imperial statement (王言), the so-called chih document form, which would relate the process by which this imperial statement came in to being, has been lost. Concerning the actual written form of chih, there is the attempt at reconstruction by Niida Noboru in the 『唐令拾遺』「公式令第一条」. However, Dr.Niidas' reconstructed chih document form is in need of revision. In this paper, the author attempts such a revision touching on the following four points. 1)After the 門下省's 覆奏, the date (year, month and day) on which the 覆奏 was submitted should be entered. 2)The imperial words, 「可(御画)」, approving the 門下省's 覆奏 should be added. 3)On the line following the words, 「主者施行」, a simple dating (「年月日」) should be revised by the form, 「年月御画日」. 4)During the T'ang period, the chih document form was used at both times of importance and at times of relative unimportance. The chih document form reconstructed from the 「制授告身式」 is a form used at insignificant times, and therefore gives only one side to the form of the chih documents of the T'ang period. It is self-evident that the above reconstructed chih document form is a formalization influenced by earlier periods. By merely looking at the superficial appearance of the T'ang chih document, and by the fact that the origin of the edict itself is closely related to the official position of Chi-shih-chung (給事中) which was set up during the reign of the Emperor Yang (煬帝), the author concludes that the chih document forms were established between the late Sui and early T'ang periods.

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A Rouen, ville industrielle, il existe six loges au moment de la Monarchie de Juillet : Constance Eprouvee, Parfaite Egalite, Perseverance Couronnee, Verite, Arts Reunis et Sincere Amitie. Ce qui est remarquable a cette epoque, c'est qu'elles connaissent toutes, excepte la loge Sincere Amitie, une augmentation de leurs membres depuis la fin des annees trente. Grace a cela, la franc-maconnerie rouennaise connait une pleine activite, difigee et menee par les "partisans de publicite" reformateurs. Ces derniers critiquent la societe des profanes atteinte par l'egoisme et bien que dans l'ensemble, ils soient presque tous bourgeois, ils manifestent de la sympathie pour les ouvriers pauvres, cette classe dangereuse pour la bourgeoisie et l'autorite. Parmi eux, on trouve, par exemple, Theodore Lebreton, ouvrierpoete renomme, redacteur en chef de la revue maconnique rouennaise : "La Fraternite" fondee en 1843 ; Louis-Philippe Desseaux, avocat, futur Procureur General : Frederic Deschamps, avocat. Tous sont republicains. Le plus remarquable en est Deschamps qui sera nomme Commissaire General de la Seine-Inferieure par Ledru-Rollin, Ministre de l'Interieure, apres la revolution de fevrier. Le reglement de chaque loge interdit la discussion politique a l'interieur meme de la loge. Toutefois, cela ne signifie pas que ses membres sont prives du droit d'avoir une activite politique audehors. En effet, Deschamps participe au mouvement politique de l'opposition. Le rapport du Commissaire Central de Police de Rouen revele qu'il est au contact avec les icariens communistes en 1843 et en 1847. Cet avocat plaidera la cause de Cabet, leader de ce parti, devant le Tribunal correctionnel de Rouen. La ville de Rouen est un des centres de leurs activites. Faut-il le considerer comme un communiste? La reponse est negative, car a la veille de la revolution de fevrier, il est le leader d'un autre groupe politique, celui des democrates, qui reclame le suffrage universel et qui est compose de bourgeois radicaux. La franc-maconnerie rouennaise accueillit chaleureusement la revolution de fevrier et les membres s'engagent a collaborer avec Deschamps, leur frere, qui vient d'acceder au pouvoir. Peut-on dire pour cela qu'elle participe activement a la politique de Deschamps? Est-ce que ce sont les francs-macons qui constituent "l'entourage de Deschamps" et qui sont condamnes par ses ennemis politiques? Non, car ce sont en fait ses amis politiques de la veille de la revolution qu'il installe aux fonctions publiques. Le sanglant evenement d'avril, resultat des conflits sociaux et politiques, conduit a l'expulsion de Deschamps et de son "entourage" du puvoir politique. Il plonge aussi la franc-maconnerie rouennaise dans un profond desarroi. Nombreux sont les membres, qui, devant les accusations "d'utopie" ou "d'Organisation du Travail", la quittent. Les loges souffrent alors du manque de ressources consecutif a la diminution des membres. Sous la surveillance des autorites qui poursuivent les mesures de repression, les activites de la franc-maconnerie rouennaise se cantonnent dans la vie interne de la loge, et elle perd la vitalite qu'elle conservait jusqu'aux journees d'avril.

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