In the twelfth century, there existed a native organization called dohana in the Norman kingdom of Sicily. This played an central part in the administration of this kingdom. Naturally, the elucidation of this is one of the most important and essential subjects in medieval Sicilian history and so many historians have tried to solve the problem. But since Garufi expounded his excellent theory in 1901, almost all subsequent historians have accepted his theory without doubt and developed their own studies on this ground, till Caravale developed an independent theory (1964). Garufi explains the structure of the financial and administrative organization as follows. Two offices, the supervising office (ufficio di Riscontro) and the treasury office (ufficio del Tesoro) were located in the royal palace in Palermo. The latter was subordinate to the former. The supervising office kept the registers of lands and was divided into two departments, dohana de secretis and dohana baronum. The dohana de secretis supervised the affairs of the royal domains and the dohana baronum handled the feudal affairs. The treasury office on the other hand kept the registers of villeins and collected taxes. This office was called ad-diwan alma'mur in Arabic. To this office was subordinate the office of profits (ufficio dei proventi) called diwan al-fawa'id in Arabic. To this classic theory of Garufi, Caravale put forth a counterargument. He insisted that the functions of the dohana de secretis and the dohana baronum were distinguished by their jurisdictions, though he accepted Garufi's structural analysis of the dohana. The former had competence over Sicily and Calabria and the latter over the peninsula excepting Calabria. But, as Mazzarese Fardella says, this theory of Caravale does not completely supercede that of Garufi, and it is understood that this problem need to be reexamined. Therefore the central aim of this paper will be a structural and functional analysis of the dohana. The structure of the dohana which is elucidated in this paper is quite different from the former structural analysis. It is as follows ; two offices, the ad-diwan al-ma'mur and the dohana de secretis, in the royal palace in Palermo, had competence over Sicily and Calabria. Another office, the dohana baronum, was in Salerno, and had competence over the peninsula excepting Calabria. The ad-diwan al-ma'mur was the central office carrying out routine tasks. It collected taxes and controlled inhabitants and officials. The dohana de secretis carried out special duties concerning lands. Naturally this office confirmed, revised and made the registers of lands and villeins. On the other hand, the dohana baronum was, as it were, a branch office in the peninsula. It carried out all works needed there. These irregular administative institutions clarify the administrative defference between Sicily together with Calabria and the peninsula. The king controlled and governed inhabitants and lands directly through the registers of lands and villeins in Sicily and Calabria. So, vassals and churches were not obstacles against the administration. There existed a valid and stable administration here. On the other hand, the medium of vassals was indispensable for the administration in the peninsula. The king could controll and govern inhabitants and lands only through vassals. And the catalogus baronum was the list of these vassals.
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