SHIGAKU ZASSHI
Online ISSN : 2424-2616
Print ISSN : 0018-2478
ISSN-L : 0018-2478
Volume 96, Issue 2
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages Cover1-
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (24K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages Cover2-
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (24K)
  • Fumio Ikeya
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 153-189,272-27
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The political thought of William of Ockham was, considering his political writings (Opera politica) concerning the first half of the 14th century, full of concrete arguments using Holy Scripture, the works of ecclesiastical fathers and decretals. He defended the imperium of Emperor Ludwig IV as both historically and constitutionally legitimate and the true successor to the Romanum imperium, and argued against the hierocratic opinions of the papalists. In his trilogy, III Dialogus, Octo quaestiones de potestate papae, and Breviloquium de principatu tyrannico, Ockham posed first that the pagan imperium before the advent of Christ suited the divine will, and secondly that Biblical texts, which recognized the legitimate dominium and iurisdictio among non-believers, said nothing about the papacy. The second assertion was based on the fact that the election of the emperor was by the Roman people, and that once elected, the emperor had no superior on earth, his power being 'a solo Deo per homines, non a papa'. His third discussion was that the conversion of the Roman emperor to Christianity brought about no judical or constitutional change, and that the Christian emperor succeeded the pagan emperor, so that 'Reddite quae sunt Caesaris, Caesari : et quae sunt Dei, Deo' became the basis of the relation between spiritual and secular powers, upon which the Christian Roman imperium was to be discussed. In conclusion, the papacy had no fullness of power (plenitudo potestatis) in secular affairs (temporalia). In spiritual affairs (spiritualia), Ockham denied papal 'ple nitudo potestatis', saying that it is but tyranny against Christian law (lex Christiana) and evangelical law (lex evangelica), which is the law of freedom (lex libertatis). He admits the papal control over believers, but only in so far as this control is not contrary to divine law, the law of nature and the law of freedom, just as in gospel times the apostles exercised ministration but not jurisdiction. Consequently, papal intervention in temporalia should be recognized only under urgent conditions involving for example questions of salvation, common utility and negligence on the part of secular rulers. Thus Ockham's theory of imperium declared the independence of two powers. While both the historical-constitutional Roman imperium founded on lex humana within the divine law and the historical-revelational apostolic church founded on the lex Christiana were based upon one common body of 'communio fidelium', they were under usual conditions different governmental systems. Particularly, since temporalia were broad enough to include ecclesiastical temporalia, the area of spiritualia was severely limited.
    Download PDF (2712K)
  • Kazuyuki Torii
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 190-212,271-26
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The main purpose of this paper is to consider how shogunal authority was exercised in the Muromachi Bakufu by investigating the Bakufu administration which followed the Onin-Bunmei Wars (1467-77) and was headed by Shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa 義尚 and former Shogun Yoshimasa 義政. It was in 1473 (Bunmei 文明5) that Yoshimasa abandoned the position of Seii Taishogun 征夷太将軍 and was succeeded by his young son Yoshihisa. In Bakufu political affairs the boy Shogun was represented by his maternal uncle, Hino Katsumitsu 日野勝光 and his mother Hino Tomiko 日野富子. Then during the years following 1483 (Bunmei 15) government affairs were carried out by both Yoshihisa and Yoshimasa. Up until now it has been thought that there was no particular division of authority between the two leaders ; however, after a re-investigation of the primary sources, the author has come upon some difierent conclusions. While it is true that Yoshimasa did abandon the title of Shogun in 1473, it does not follow that he retired from the Bakufu administration. It was necessary for him to carry out such duties as ceremonial affairs...affairs which the Hinos could not perform. Also, since Yoshihisa was not at all involved in Bakufu affairs, we can say that the Hino Family was acting not as regent for Yoshihisa but rather in the capacity as representatives of Yoshimasa. In other words, the Hino Family took over the duties of Kanrei 管領, a position which was vacant at the time. The Hino administration ended in 1482 (Bunmei 14) when Yoshimasa announced that from then on Yoshihisa was to take over personally Bakufu political affairs. After entrusting Yoshihisa with administrative responsibility, Yoshimasa continued for a time to participate in Bakufu affairs. The gradual transfer of authority began in 1483 with the handing over to Yoshihisa of judiciary responsibility in disputes over all proprietary rights (excluding Zen temples)...i.e., zasso-zata 雑訴沙汰...and over Bakufu financial administration (mandokoro-zata 政所沙汰). Shogunal leadership duties were transferred in 1486 ; and following the 1487 (Chokyo 長享1) campaign in Omi 近江, remaining authority was entrusted, which included Zen temple proprietorship judicial rights, authority to guarantee (ando 安堵) the proprietary rights of persons other that close direct vassals (kinshin 近臣), to appoint provincial law enforcement officials (shugo 守護) and to seal public documents (kojo kahan 公帖加判). Up until the final transfer of duties, shogunal authority took on the form of a division of labor between Yoshimasa and Yoshihisa, with the former holding sway in political power relations. If we consider the fact that Yoshihisa's administration actually began with the announcement of authority transfer in 1482, together with the fact that in the case of the third Muromachi Shogun, Yoshimitsu 義満, his son Yoshimochi 義持 and his grandson Yoshikazu 義量, while succeeding to the title of Shogun, held no real authority as long as Yoshimitsu was alive, we may be in a position to understand what the Muromachi Bakufu was actually aiming at. 1)The official appointment of Shogun by the Tenno (shogun senge 将軍宣下) was no more than a simple granting of eligibility for undertaking governmental duties ; so it was neccessary for the former Shogun to transfer authority in order for a new administration to begin. 2)This situation in which even following abandonment of the Shogunate, the retired Shogun would continue to administrate the Bakufu was a conscious refutation of the traditional shogunal image among the court aristocracy that since authority came with the office (shogun-shoku 将軍職), administration should begin from the time of succession. However, this refutation indicates that Muromachi shogunal authority was rather attained through the expansion of real political power and control.
    Download PDF (2283K)
  • Shoji Sasamoto
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 213-221
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (877K)
  • Megumi Terawaki
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 221-227
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (690K)
  • Shinkichi Nagaoka
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 227-235
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (943K)
  • Juro Hashimoto
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 236-244
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (864K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 245-246
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (244K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 246-247
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (251K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 247-248
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (258K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 248-249
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (278K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 249-250
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (267K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 250-251
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (251K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 251-252
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (245K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 253-
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (52K)
  • Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 254-268
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (1084K)
  • Article type: Article
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages 269-272
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (226K)
  • Article type: Appendix
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages App1-
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (72K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages Cover3-
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (38K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1987 Volume 96 Issue 2 Pages Cover4-
    Published: February 20, 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (38K)
feedback
Top