SHIGAKU ZASSHI
Online ISSN : 2424-2616
Print ISSN : 0018-2478
ISSN-L : 0018-2478
Volume 98, Issue 8
Displaying 1-28 of 28 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages Cover1-
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Article type: Cover
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages Cover2-
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Toru Sunada
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1329-1363,1472
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Senatus consultum ultimum, the Senate's "ultimate decree", is generally thought to be a declaration of a state of emergency in Republican Rome. In this paper, by examining the process by which the "ultimate decree" was first passed, the author attempts to clarify the real intention of the Senate (= the oligarchy) in its passage. J.B.Ungern-Sternberg's detailed study, though different in its conclusions, has proven most helpful to the discussion which follows. The oligarchy, who had lost control over Ti. Gracchus by traditional means, e.g. legal prosecution, murdered him in 133 B.C. The ringleader was P.Scipio Nasica, a private citizen. The oligarchy tried to justify the murder by first admiring Nasica for what he had done, and secondly by prosecuting Ti. Gracchus' surviving followers for treason. It is more important for the purpose of this paper that the oligarchy were simultaneously prepared to find a new institutional formula to destroy their opponents instead of using private citizens to murder them as in 133 B.C. In 121 B.C., a consul, the highest magistracy of the Roman Republic, massacred C.Gracchus and his followers under the "ultimate decree", and the massacre was supported by the people in 120 B.C. The author concludes that the oligarchy, who had lost the ability to rule by any traditional means, invented the senatus consultum ultimum to destroy their political opponents under the pretext of saving the res publica from crisis. The "ultimate decree", however, encouraged political violence, and came to cause Sulla's march on Rome in 88 B.C., which ironically dealt a fatal blow to the res publica.
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  • Yasuhiro Fukasawa
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1364-1401,1469-
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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    El estallido de la Guerra Civil en julio de 1936, impuso a las fuerzas sociales y politicas de la Republica la necesidad de resolver dos importantes problemas : ganar la guerra y hacer realidad la prometida reforma economica y social (revolucion). Hasta ahora se han investigado, sobre todo, las actividades de las fuerzas que veian en la situacion creada por la guerra una magnifica ocasion de implantar la revolucion. Este articulo, sin embargo, examina las actividades de los empleados de la Banca que constituian uno de los colectivos cuya prioridad era ganar la guerra. La mayoria de los sindicatos de la Banca estaban afiliados a la federacion de este sector de la UGT (FETCF). La FETCF formaba parte del ala izquierda (caballerista) del PSOE. En la zona donde la insureccion militar fracaso, fueron muchos los consejeros y directores de sucursales que huyeron. En algunos bancos oficiales, se constituyeron nuevas administraciones. La FETCF se hizo cargo de la direccion de muchos bancos privados y sucursales del Banco de Espana. El Congreso de la FETCF celebrado en septiembre de 1936, establecio las directrices que habian de regir el cambio del sistema financiero que la Republica deberia llevar a cabo durante la guerra : nacionalizacion de la banca oficial, constitucion de un comite directivo en la banca privada con participacion del gobierno y de la FETCF, y solucion a la dificil situacion creada en las relaciones economicas internacionales. Ya en este momento, la FETCF deja de lado el control obrero de la banca para colaborar con el gobierno y por razones de politica exterior. El Ministro de Hacienda acepto las propuestas de la FETCF y reforzo las regulaciones financieras y de comercio exterior. Cuando los rebeldes se aproximan a Madrid, la FETCF, de nuevo motivada por razones de politica exterior, abandona su pretension de nacionalizar el Banco de Espana y comienza a buscar otra via que lleve a la democratizacion del banco nacional. El gobierno, por su parte, con el nombramiento de nuevos consejeros, comenzo a controlarlo. Los miembros de la FETCF ejercian su influencia en otros bancos oficiales como el Banco Exterior y el Banco de Credito Industrial. En la banca privada, la FETCF tenia en su punto de mira a los bancos que concentraban un mayor volumen de industria y capital. De esta forma intentaba dar un giro al sistema financiero, pero los prestamos incobrables y el atesoramiento dificultaban la gestion, sobre todo, en la banca privada. Por otra parte, a los obreros se pedia mas disciplina. La FETCF critico las incautaciones y colectivizaciones llevadas a cabo sin orden de ninguna clase. Los obreros de los Comites, imbuidos del espiritu anti-bancario que les caracterizaba desde antes de la guerra, acudian a los bancos demandando dinero. La FETCF insistio en que la banca tenia un papel insustituible que desempenar en la revolucion. Se encargo, asimismo, de la administracion y la contabilidad en las fabricas incautadas y sus miembros se plantearon el problema de la superacion de esa conciencia de clase elitista que podria distinguirles de los obreros. En la segunda mitad de 1937, la FETCF formaba parte del Consejo General del Banco de Espana. Pero la reorganizacion financiera avanzava muy despacio. En otono de ese ano, los dirigentes de la FETCF se separaron del sector caballerista y pasaron a formar parte de la nueva ejecutiva de la UGT. Los motivos que les impulsaron a dar ese paso responden a la actitud que venian manteniendo desde el principio del conflcto : ganar la guerra en primer lugar y, para ello, colaborar estrechamente con el gobierno de Negrin y con los comunistas. En la primavera de 1938, muchos empleados de la Banca tuvieron que marchar a los campos de batalla. Los representantes de la FETCF en las organizaciones oficiales se dedicaron a reunir fondos para seguir financiando la guerra. Con ello entramos en la ultima etapa de las actividades de la fuerza laboral bancaria en la retaguardia. Aunque no se llevo a cabo
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  • Kiyoaki Kito
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1402-1408
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Kyoko Yamamuro
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1408-1416
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Shigeru Ikuta
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1416-1423
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1424-1425
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1425-1426
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1426-1427
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1427-1428
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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    Download PDF (270K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1428-1429
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1429-1431
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (342K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1429-1431
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (342K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1431-1432
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (243K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1432-
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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    Download PDF (138K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1432-1433
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (236K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1433-1434
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (236K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1434-1435
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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    Download PDF (243K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1435-1436
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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    Download PDF (250K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1436-1437
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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    Download PDF (241K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1437-1438
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (245K)
  • [in Japanese]
    Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1438-1439
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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    Download PDF (233K)
  • Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1440-1468
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Article type: Article
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages 1469-1472
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages App1-
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages Cover3-
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (31K)
  • Article type: Cover
    1989 Volume 98 Issue 8 Pages Cover4-
    Published: August 20, 1989
    Released on J-STAGE: November 29, 2017
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Download PDF (31K)
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