新聞学評論
Online ISSN : 2433-1244
Print ISSN : 0488-6550
35 巻
選択された号の論文の34件中1~34を表示しています
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1986 年 35 巻 p. Cover1-
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    1986 年 35 巻 p. App1-
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 目次
    1986 年 35 巻 p. Toc1-
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 藤田 真文
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 1-11,299-298
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    A new style of Marxian mass media studies has been developing at The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, England. These media studies, however, can not be simply classified into the same category as the former Marxian approaches to mass media because their approaches are based on neo-Marxian epistemology which has arisen from epistemological criticism of classical Marxism. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to explain neo-Marxian epistemology which has influenced the Centre's theories, and to examine the original mass media theories developed by the Centre based on this epistemology. The neo-Marxists, A.Gramsci, L.Althusser and N.Poulantzas deny economic reductionism as their sense of common issue. In other words, they are insisting on the relative autonomy of superstructure and investigating its specificity. Althusser argues that social formations are constructed of each-articulated and relatively "autonomous" instances although they are limited by the economical level. Ideology, one of the instances for superstructure, is also an important factor which determines the direction of social formations. Mass media are the component of this ideological instance of social formations, i.e., "Ideological State Apparatus." Poulantzas claims that social classes are not only constituted by economic factors, but by ideological factors. He also claims that the class domination mediated by the state is supported by ideological representation of the "universality of the state." The Centre has been developing their original media theories based on the neo-Marxian theories of social formations. According to their theories, the function of the media system, even in capitalist societies, is not to reflect the peoples' consensus, but to produce them. Though mass media are free from direct compulsion by the state and remain institutionally autonomous, they do reproduce the ideology of the dominant class. The media's contributions to the reproduction of ideology are made possible by their specific function -"signification". The function is in the exercise of meaning defining power which reduces a single meaning to a certain object. Through their signification, the media represent the interests of a particular class's interests as identified with the consensus of the people. On the other hand, for this purpose, media must represent messages of themselves as "impartial."
  • 大畑 裕嗣
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 13-29,298-297
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    The performance of the 'nationalist press' in colonial Korea must be assessed according to its relationships with nationalist movements, socialist-communist movements, and other social movements during the period. The purpose of this article is two fold ; first, to give an overview of the time serial change during the 1920s in Tong-a Ilbo's editorials which comment on social movements ; second, to explore the causes of this change. The editorials are classified according to the social movement industries(SMIs) referred to. SMIs are categorized into four 'groups' based on factor analysis. It is assumed that the time serial decrease of editorials has different causes in 'group I' and 'group III.' Concerning changes in the number and tone of editorials commenting on social movements : PERIOD 1 (foundation〜the first half of 1923) ・The number of the editorials gradually increases, and peaks in the first half of 1923. ・Advocacy of the idea of nationalism and proposal of its practical forms. PERIOD 2 (the second half of 1923〜the first half of 1925) ・The number of the editorials is slightly less than during the peak of PERIOD 1. ・The period of transition to contain complex and various tones. ・Infiltration of 'national reformism.' ・Blame and denunciation of the pro-Japanese. ・Ideological disputes with socialist-communist forces. PERIOD 3 (The second half of 1925〜) ・The number of the editorials suddenly declines from the second half of 1925 to the first half of 1926. After that, it more or less increases, but less than during the first half of the 1920s. ・Neglect or indifference to important movements. ・Adovocacy of so-called 'cultural movements' (education campaign in rural communities, etc.). Dwarfing the logic of movement. the foregoing trend in general, and in a particular 'group', depends on the complex inter-relationships between the following factors ; (1) the policy of the Japanese rule, (2) the whole structure of the social movement sector (SMS) in Korea, (3) the internal situations of Tong-a Ilbo.
  • 卓 南生
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 31-46,297-296
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    The first modern Chinese newspaper is said to be Hsiang-Kang Chung-wai Hsin-Pao, established in 1858. The recognition cited here is generally accepted as true among the scholars of the history of Chinese newspapers. But descriptions of the early Chinese daily papers have not been given in full detail as yet, partly because of the lack of the original materials in this period. Most descriptions about this subject are based on The History of Chinese Journalism written in 1927 by Ko Kung-Chen, although his description itself lacks full empirical grounds. Inspired by the late Professor Hideo Ono's pioneering work, in this study the author tried (1) to clarify the facts about the relationship between Hsiang-Kang Ch'uan-T'ou Huo-Chia Chih and Hsiang-Kang Chung-wai Hsin-Pao, (2) to describe the characters of both papers in detail, (3) to specify the dates when the papers were established, and (4) to propose some new theses about the first modern Chinese newspaper. For the above purpose, the original materials which the author found recently are used, and the theses presented in conclusion are very different from those popularly accepted until now. Based on newly found materials and a critical evaluation of them, a more detailed, more coherent view of the early Chinese newspapers is drawn. According to this view, Hsiang-Kang Ch'uan-T'ou Huo-Chia Chih was established in 1857 as a Chinese version of The Daily Press in Hong Kong, and changed its title for Hsiang-Kang Chung-wai Hsin-Pao in the early part of 1860's. This view is to correct the widely accepted one, which lacks the empirical grounds this study has.
  • 石井 健一
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 47-60,296-295
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    The main aim of this paper is to develop and describe a mathematical model for audience exposure patterns. So far, the indices of reach, frequency and GRP have been used by many researchers to measure audience exposure patterns. However, it is insufficient to use these indices for modelling the process of audience exposures. Many researchers of media schedules also developed several reach-estimating models which were applied to the real data. It is true that these models are effective measures for predicting reach of exposure, but they are not adequate as models of describing and understanding audience exposure patterns. In this paper, two basic patterns of individual exposures, fixed exposure pattern and random exposure pattern, are proposed as extreme exposure patterns. First, fixed exposure pattern has a set of consistent and invariable exposures. It implies that people habitually continue to choose a program or never do so. Second, random exposure pattern has a set of unstable exposures chosen according to independent probability. It implies that people choose a program at random each time. These two patterns are, so to say, 'ideal types' which are not found in a pure state. These two discrete patterns can be synthesized by the mathematical model proposed by Coleman. It is based on stochastic process theory which continuously places the two extreme exposure patterns by a parameter. In this analysis, Coleman's model is tested by actual radio audience listening data of a metropolitan area, and the result demonstrates its general accuracy in fitting the data. Then some of the important consequences of the model as an analytical tool are mentioned.
  • 新聞学評論 第三五号 編集委員会
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 61-294
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    We realize that there have long been two opposing views on the mass society ; optimism and pessimism or, whether the mass is wise or unwise. In present-day Japanese society it doesn't seem that both aspects are fresh. One is the prevalence of the "wise consumer" type as an outcome of the high educational standards. The other side is a "monad" type : dispersed and passive people, who can now be termed the "new mass." It is likely that such a controversy has arisen not because scholars and researchers have different views, but because there are different points at issue or different levels of discussion. There are signs, however, that a totally new ideology will be created before long. The Mass media and mass communications are often regarded as the founders and supporters of the mass society. Nevertheless, communication process research, its receiving end in particular, has not been given much consideration in the studies of journalism in Japan. We present this issue of the Japanese Journalism Review compiled with the intention of further enhancing the understanding and exchange between the studies of mass society and journalism in our country. The articles contributed here from various viewpoints will give readers an insight into the dynamics of mass society and the reality of journalism.
  • 藤竹 暁
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 62-73,293-292
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    There has been a new trend in the study of Japanese society. It is to analyze the characteristics of society from the viewpoint of the "mass society." Taking into consideration the findings of such studies, the author attempts in this article to examine some new features which have not been discussed in the conventional theories of the mass society. In doing so, major transformations in two aspects will be examined ; the masses on the one hand, and the influence of mass media on the other hand. The twenty years during the 1960s and 1970s, when Japan was rapidly moving into an age of affluence driven by its high economic growth, are often characterized as the age of mass-production and uniformity. In every field of media, nation-wide newspapers, magazines, television and radio have focused on particular issues which were thought to be of interest to everybody and to which people have reached in a similar way. For the first time in history, the lifestyles of people from different regions and classes have become very much alike through exposure to standardized and widespread media. As a consequence, the image of a unified mass society, as if everybody were the same, was created among scholars and researchers. In the 1980s, however, it is no longer possible for the media to exercise their power of influence by holding such an image of the Japanese. Evidence was found in every part of society that the mass society had suddenly fractionalized into many different groups of people, with different values and tastes. "Decomposition of the mass" has become a topic of discussion and some have even argued that Japanese society was not a mass society. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the images of the Japanese people, both old and new, are the result of oversimplification caused by the careless usage of the "mass." What has been made clear through the author's observation is that what has been taking place in this society is not the "decomposition of the mass." Instead this society is beginning to show strong signs of the "mass society." It should also be pointed out that inadequate images of the people have then led to an oversimplification of the influence of the media and the environment they create. For further continuation of the study it remains to be proved how the mass media has structuralized the information environment, and how man-media-relations, characteristic of modern society, have been formed. These are the keys to understanding how and why the new "mass society" has been formulated.
  • 三上 俊治
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 74-91,292-291
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    The theory of mass society was born in the nineteenth century in Europe and developed as a critical theory on modern industrialized society from a macroscopic viewpoint. The historical development of the theory can be devided into the following six phases : (1) "aristocratic" theories in the nineteenth century, (2) "democratic" criticism towards the totalitarian state in Germany and Italy after World War I, (3) critical theories on post World War II American society, (4) theoretical debate on the nature of "Mass Society" in 1950's Japan, (5) decline of the "Mass Society" theory and the rise of other new theories such as theories of the Post-Industrial Society, and (6) revival of the theories of "Mass Society" in 1980's Japan. Recent discussions on "Mass Society" can be viewed from two approaches. One is the theory of "the new middle mass" by Y.Murakami, and the other is the theory on "consumption culture" asserted by marketing practioners. According to Murakami, social class or stratification has become unstructured and the value system has changed drastically along with the rapid economic growth in the 1960's. This has resulted in the dominance of a "new middle mass" whose political attitude is generally conservative. Murakami's discussion neglects the manipulative aspect of media use and as a result shows a conservative bias. Proponents of the consumption culture approach focus on the rise of a new generation which prefers sensitivity to reason and tends to express themselves through differentiated lifestyles, resulting in diverse consuming behavior. Their discussion pays little attention to the negative aspects of consumption culture. Although these new "mass society" theories overestimate the structural change in contemporary matured mass society and underestimate the influence of mass media, we should learn much from them, because they might provide the basis for constructing the macroscopic structural model which explains the impact of media upon individuals and society.
  • 三上 俊治
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 92-101
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
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  • 竹下 俊郎
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 102-119,291-29
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    The last fifteen years of empirical studies of mass communications have seen an increased interest in the cognitive effects of the mass media. This means that the focus of attention of researchers has shifted from the persuasive function of the media to the information-transmittal one. And it is in this context that the main products of practicing journalists have become fully considered in their own right for the first time in the history of media-effect studies. The purpose of this article is to research the empirical studies of journalism in Japan. More precisely, I would like to make a critical study of influences the press may have upon the Japanese political processes. Based on the conceptual framework of cognitive effects, this study includes the following topics : study of the knowledge-gaps which the different news media create between social classes ; study of the agenda-setting effect and its sub-effects by the press ; study of the influence of the perceived "climate of opinion" (which might be shaped by news-reports) upon individuals' political behavior ;etc.
  • 後藤 文康
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 120-131,290-28
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the late 1950s when Japan was runinng at full speed toward becoming an economic power, a new type of people began to emerge. They drastically changed the framework of the "masses" which until then referred to the "general working class, including labours and farmers." The masses situated in the lower part of the traditional pyramid-shaped society have come to occupy the central and major part of the present oval-shape society. The masses in this society were highly educated and shared almost equal health. Along with the emergence and expansion of the new "masses, " the newspaper was forced to change in order to arise their interest. The first noticeable change was the increase of news and information on home and community life, sports and leisure. It was then followed by an increase in international news items and the expansion of readers' columns. In this period, when the goal of average-people was to improve their standard of living in the same way that others were doing, the task for the newspaper was to understand and respond to such needs and to point out frictions and contradictions. Challenged to fulfill this task, newspapers, the national papers in particular, competed with each other in increasing their number of pages. It was then in the middle of the 1970s that the newspapers have again witnessed a change in the masses. In the so-called "mature" society, people were no longer easily satisfied with homogenized information. The word "bunshu(diverse and divided masses)" was even coined. The newspaper could no longer mass-produce standardaized news only. In order to meet diversified demands, newspapers then have chosen the strategy of multiple-option. Pages on specific topics like health and medical care were increased and separate editions which could be termed 'living journal' were issued. Newspapers from this stage, however, have become often puzzled by the "whimsical" masses who seemed to have become more inquisitive and curious. Protection and consideration for human rights and privacy are thus the biggest problems that newspapers face at present. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the masses, whether they undergo another change or not, will continue to be the key factor in the survival of the newspaper. This is so not only from the financial point of view but also in opinion formation. How should the newspaper fulfill its mission by not losing support from the masses? The author proposes the concept of "paternal journalism, " which entails : cool and mature judgement, broad viewpoint, generosity, self-restraint, rich knowledge, protection of the weak from the strong, and strength …all of which are required by the present-day masses to actualize what may be called the ideal journalism.
  • 藤岡 伸一郎
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 132-141,289-28
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    The rise and fall of the publication of magazines symbolically signifies a "change of age." Newly founded magazines show us in a symbolic way the magazine makers' intentions to catch the symptoms of "change" and present aspects of the "age" to the readers. Accordingly, a careful examination of newly founded magazines in a given age gives us an important clue for understanding change --be it a change of politics, economy, culture and people of the age. Nevertheless, today we are not able to fully understand new magazines or "the change of age" merely by examining their positive side. It has become difficult because of (1) the structural change of the magazine publishing industry and (2) the transfomations of the masses themselves caused by the multiplication of the communication media. The period between the latter half of the 1970's and the beginning of the '80's was called the "age of magazines." It was also the period which covered the last years of high economic growth in Japan. During this period various kinds of magazines were published and they were baing merchandized as if they were mere commodities. And many merchandizing attempts were made especially to catch the female and the young readers of the postwar genertions. A study of these experiments reveals the unique nature of magazines as a mass communication medium. It also reveals the fact that the social phenomena created by magazines and the readers are projections of the past, not the present, situations of Japanese politics, economy, society and culture. In this way the negative side of the event is now the more important. And it become impossible to understand the relationship between the "change of age" and new magazines only by a superficial understanding of recent Japanese magazine journalism which is often characterized by some sensational photo-journalistic mass magazines such as "Focus, " "Friday, " and "Emma." By analyzing the negative side we can recognize the "masses" whose values are different from those who were readers of the old mass magazines.
  • 石川 弘義
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 142-155,288-28
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    Japanese radio programs have long been in a trial and error situation in their struggle to compete with TV programs. In this process the "midnight broadcasting" programs are one of the most radio-like in nature and nowadays a set format has been established for them. Nevertheless, various experiments still are being tried by each of the radio stations concerning what content should be broadcast at night and during the midnight hours. For example, the audience rating chart shows us that JOJF(Nippon Hoso) is widely listened to by the so-called "young" generation, and that JOKRS(Tokyo Hoso) focuses on the "young adult" generation. These experiments, however, have not necessarily offered a steady barometer for success. Among the current hot programs is "Young Paradise, " a talk show broadcast at midnight during the week whose DJ (called 'personality' in Japan) is actor Yuji Miyake. This program presently is receiving a high audience rating. According to Mr.Akinori Inaba, the organizing director of Nippon Hoso, the secret of "Young Paradise's" success is "to permit the DJ to talk freely and 'play' in the program and to show various points of view about the kind of information that young listeners wanted to know." In short, an all-out playful spirit seems to make "Young Paradise" successful. But in fact, it's success is due to the elaborated efforts in planning by the professionals of radio program organization and production. Here we can find the characteristics of modern radio journalism for young listeners. About ten years or so ago the style of radio programs was quite different from what it is today. A good example is JOKR's "Puck in Music." This too was a talk show featuring DJ's, but many of the topics treated on the program were serious ones such as, "war experience", "worries about school life and exams", "love" and "lust", and so on. But programs of this nature ended with the new way of life which began around 1982 and which shows a preference for keihaku-tansho, the "not heavy, the light." And the older type of program was taken over by omoshiro-syugi, the "happy-go-lucky" orientation outlined above. In order to consider the characteristics of modern radio journalism it is unrealistic to deny this "happy-go-lucky" line. But in the author's opinion, it also may be a chance to show the ability of radio journalism to produce some programs that treat in some way the young listener's views of the world, their dissatisfactions and hopes, etc., which can be found in the depth of their minds or their social psychology.
  • 上村 忠
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 156-165,286-28
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    From 1984 to 1985 twe new theses appeared in the field of advertising and marketing journalism in Japan. One is "Bunshu-shoshu-ron"(theory of diverse and divided masses) which insists that the mass market has now dissapeared because of the multiplication and individualization of the Japanese consumers' preferenses. The other is called "TV-banare-ron"(assertion that the TV watching rete is decreasing) which claims that the effects of TV advertisments have waned because of a decrease in the TV watching rate. In my opinion these two conception significantly affect the gross amount of advertisements. In 1985 the growth rate of advertisement expenses in Japan was only 2.3% or the second to the worst in the post-war era. And the growth rate of TV-ad expenses was only 1.9% which is the worst since the beginning of commercial TV broadcasting (based on statistical data by Dentsu Inc.) Of course, we cannot assume that all these are caused by "Bunshu-shoshu-ron" or "TV-banare-ron", but at the sametime, we cannot deny the possibility that these assertions may have led to the underestimation of the effects of advertisemets. Being a researcher at a commercial broadcasting company, in this paper I have tried to make an empirical examination of "Bunshu-shoshu-ron" and "TV-banare-ron" in order to check their validity in the underestimation of the effects of advertisments. "Bunshu-shoshu-ron" is a qualitative analysis based on impressions or subjective judgements rather than a quantitative analysis. Using empirical data I made an analysis to test the assertion that there can be no more blockbusters in the already collapsed mass market. As a result of my analysis I believe that the above assertion can be refuted by the fact that many blockbusters are produced even in recent years, and many of them have more sales than those produced during the high economic growth era when the mass market is said have existed. For example, Minolta's α-7000 automatic camera and Tokyo Disney Land both accomplished 70 to 100 billion yen sales in a year. concerning other assertions of "Bunshu-shoshu-ron", I propose the corresponding objections. Concerning "TV-banare-ron", it is clear from Video Research and the Nielsen rating data that there is no trend toward a decreasing TV audience rate. Finally, I would like to criticize the general tendency for impression-based subjctivistic judgements, which are the characteristic of both theses.
  • 天野 祐吉
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 166-172,285-28
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
    Advertisements are, so to speak, "sketches of the unconscious" of people's everyday lives. And because of being "unconscious", they sometimes have more reality than intentional sketches. If we regard advertisements as "diaries of the age", then we see them not only as sourses of news information about commodities but also as sketches of ordinary people's everyday lives in ordinary words and seen through the goods they advertise. Advertisers order adpersons to sell goods, and adpersons always have to take advantage of ordinary people's ordinary desires. These pressures make advertisements sketches of ordinary people's everyday lives. If advertisements fail to grasp the "new", then at that very moment they lose all value. Japanese poet Junzaburo Nishiwaki said that "Life is a concept created by literature." We may rightly say that what we refer to as "the masses" is an image created by advertisements. Of course, the vital image of the masses appears not only in advertisements, but it is in them that the masses present their most journalistic form. It seems almost impossible to capture the masses without advertisements which depict ordinary people's lives along with their feelings and make them visible. Nevertheless, it is far from an easy matter to capture the vital image of the masses without debasing them by superficial interpretations because what appear only in expressions often lose their vividness when discussed by words. If we are to capture "the masses merely in the advertisements", then we may have to create some methods of expression which are free from the already established academic ones.
  • 原 寿雄
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 173-183
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
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  • 中野 収
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 184-192
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • 林 伸郎, 石村 善治, 森 浩一, 原 寿雄, 伊藤 慎一, 林 利隆
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 193-203
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • 田宮 武, 中野 収, 門馬 晋, 中郡 英男, 津金沢 聰広, 林 建彦
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 204-215
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • 有山 輝雄, 掛川 トミ子, 桂 敬一, 江藤 文夫, 山本 武利, 荒瀬 豊, 岡 満男
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 216-226
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • 大森 幸男, 服部 孝章, 大谷 堅志郎, 東山 禎之, 岩田 温, 林 進, 高木 教典
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 227-237
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • 伊藤 陽一, 井上 輝子, 萩原 滋, 川竹 和夫, 橋元 良明, 柳井 道夫, 村松 泰子
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 238-244
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • タンストール ジェレミー, 鈴木 雄雅
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 245-251
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • オズボーン グレアム, 佐藤 綾子
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 252-259
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • バール フランシス, 大井 真二
    原稿種別: 本文
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 260-262
    発行日: 1986/04/30
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  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 263-265
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
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  • 原稿種別: 文献目録等
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 267-283
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
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  • 原稿種別: 文献目録等
    1986 年 35 巻 p. 299-284
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
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  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    1986 年 35 巻 p. App2-
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
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  • 原稿種別: 目次
    1986 年 35 巻 p. Toc2-
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1986 年 35 巻 p. Cover2-
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1986 年 35 巻 p. Cover3-
    発行日: 1986/04/30
    公開日: 2017/10/06
    ジャーナル フリー
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