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Volume 22, Issue 1
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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A Comparison between the Incidence in 1974-1975 and in 1978-1979Kiyoshi TAGAWA1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 1-7_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSalmonella and E. coli strains, isolated from broiler chickens over the periods May 1974 to March 1975 (Period I) and May 1978 to March 1979 (Period II), were investigated and compared with respect to drug resistance.
In period I, 98% of the Salmonella strains and all of the E. coli strains were resistant to one or more drugs, while in period II, 75% of the former and 98.1% of the latter were resistant to at least one drug. The frequencies (%) of the individual drug resistances in the Salmonella strains were as follows (figures for period II in parentheses): tetracycline 66 (17), streptomycin 43 (16), sulfisoxazole 84 (59), chloramphenicol 13 (0), kanamycin 15 (38), ampicillin 10 (8), cephaloridine 14 (11), gentamicin 3 (3), furatrizine 90 (37), nalidixic acid 2 (0), and those in the E. coli strains were: tetracycline 93.3 (85.3), streptomycin 69.8 (65.7), sulfisoxazole 86.4 (89.4), chloramphenicol 35.4 (25.7), kanamycin 47.0 (52.8), ampicillin 7.4 (22.2), cephaloridine 5.7 (19.0), gentamicin 3.6 (0.9), furatrizine 93.8 (77.3), nalidixic acid 1.0 (0.7).
These results are of interest in relation to the amended law concerning feed additives enacted in 1975. However, the increasing frequencies of kanamycin and ampicillin resistances together with the prevalence of R plasmids among the E. coli strains suggest that it will be difficult to prevent the spread of drug-resistant bacteria in broiler rearing.View full abstractDownload PDF (887K) -
Akinobu WATANABE, Masakazu TOKUMARU, Makoto KURISU, Keiko YANAGAWA, To ...1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 8-13_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA survey was conducted on the distribution of Salmonella organisms in the gills and intestinal contents of cultured carps, trouts and eels sold at fresh-water fish restaurants and wholesale shops.
Salmonella was isolated from 9 out of 39 carps (23.1%), and from 2 out of 21 eels (9.5%) obtained at fresh-water fish restaurants. Salmonella organisms were present in 15.4% of gills, in 14.6% of intestinal contents of carps, and in 40.7% of the fish-pond water in which the carps had been kept.
Salmonella was isolated from 11 out of 57 carps (19.3%) obtained at wholesale shops selling fresh-water fish. Salmonella organisms were present in 8.8% of gills, in 15.8% of intestinal contents of carps, and in 22.8% of the water used for the transportation of carps.
Salmonella was isolated from 1 out of 31 intestinal contents of trouts (3.2%), and from 1 out of 21 samples of water used for the transportation of trouts (4.8%) obtained at freshwater fish wholesale shops.
Sixty-two strains isolated from fresh-water fish and water in which they had been kept were typed into 17 serovars. Predominant serovars were S. typhimurium, S. litchfield, S. java and S. braenderup.View full abstractDownload PDF (727K) -
Akio TANAKA, Norihide NOSE, Akinobu WATANABE1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 14-21_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA simple and practical method for the determination of nitrite in foods is described. It is based on the reaction of nitrite with hydralazine in acidic solution (pH 1.0-3.0) at 70°C for 10min to form tetrazole [5, 1-α] phthalazine, a stable compound which can be extracted with toluene and determined quantitatively by means of gas-liquid chromatography with a flame-ionization detector and a column of 3% OV-225 on Chromosorb W HP; the minimum determinable amount of nitrite-nitrogen was 0.02μg/ml.
A sample was finely chopped and ground in a porcelain pestle and mortar, then 5-10g of the mixture was transferred into a 100ml volumetric flask by means of 70ml of hot water (ca. 80°C), and 2.5ml of 1N sodium hydroxide solution and 5ml of 12% zinc sulfate solution were added. The whole was shaken occasionally in a water-bath at 80°C for 20min, then cooled to room temperature, and filtered. (Vegetables and vegetable products were extracted at 80°C with occasional shaking for 60min without the addition of 1N sodium hydroxide solution or 12% zinc sulfate solution.)
A 20ml volume of the filtrate was reacted with hydralazine, extracted twice with 5ml of toluene and then concentrated to 5ml by blowing dry nitrogen gas at 50°C. The concentrated solution was passed through an alumina column to remove interfering substances from foods. Twenty ml of hexane and 15ml of acetone were added successively to the column at a rate of 3ml/min. The acetone eluate was concentrated to 2ml by blowing dry nitrogen gas at 50°C. The final solution was injected into the gas chromatograph.
The recovery of nitrite added to various foods ranged from 94.5 to 98.1% and, the standard deviation for the whole procedure was 1.1% for 28 determinations. The results of nitrite determination by proposed method were in good agreement with those of the colorimetric method.View full abstractDownload PDF (654K) -
Studies on Residues of Synthetic Antibacterials in Livestock Products. IVNorihide NOSE, Youji HOSHINO, Yoshinori KIKUCHI, Fumiko YAMADA, Hiroyu ...1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 22-29_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResidues of clopidol (3, 5-dichloro-2, 6-dimethyl-4-pyridinol) in chicken tissues and eggs were studied. Clopidol isolated from various tissues was determined by gas chromatography. Chickens of 10 weeks of age were given feed containing 250, 375 and 750ppm of clopidol for 10 days before laying eggs. The average contents of clopidol in the eggs were 6ppm, 10ppm and 19ppm, respectively. The concentration ratio (clopidol in whole egg/clopidol in feed ×100) of clopidol was found to be 2.64% on average, and clopidol in the egg disappeared within approximately one week.
In other experiment, chickens of 4 weeks of age were given clopidol-containing feed (250, 375 and 750ppm) for 8 weeks. High concentrations of clopidol were found in the liver, blood and kidneys as compared with the breast, thigh muscle and fat. After cessation of medication, the clopidol concentration in each tissue fell below 0.1ppm within 3 days.View full abstractDownload PDF (656K) -
A New Type of Flat Sour Spoilage. IIAkihiko NAKAYAMA, Rieko SHINYA1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 30-36_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to confirm the role of obligate anaerobes (O. A.) in a new type of flat sour spoilage found in Japan, detailed investigations were carried out on commercial canned coffee.
Two kinds of canned coffee samples were taken from lots which had suffered from flat sour spoilage. The samples were incubated both at room temperature and at 55°C, and examined microbiologically.
No spoiled cans were found among the samples incubated at room temperature. However, forty and sixteen spoiled cans were found in the samples incubated at 55°C. The spoilage rates were 8.9% and 3.6%, respectively. The appearance, and the changes of pH, vacuum level and flavor of these samples were very similar to those of cases of O. A. flat sour spoilage.
Spore-forming obligate anaerobes, which were identical with the causative bacteria of O. A. flat sour spoilage, were isolated without delay from 27 out of 30 spoiled cans opened under aseptic conditions.
Thus, a high ratio (27/30) of successful isolation of the bacteria from the spoiled cans was achieved.View full abstractDownload PDF (639K) -
A New Type of Flat Sour Spoilage, IIIAkihiko NAKAYAMA, Rieko SHINYA1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 37-41_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to confirm that the flat sour spoilage of canned shiruko (a sweet bean drink) is the same as the new type of flat sour spoilage (O. A. flat sour spoilage) of canned coffee, investigations were carried out on commercial canned shiruko.
Samples of canned shiruko were taken from a lot which had suffered from flat sour spoilage. The samples were incubated at 55°C and examined microbiologically. Six and thirty spoiled cans were found after 10 days and 30 days, the spoilage rates being 20% and 100%, respectively.
The contents of the spoiled cans were reddish or yellowish, and had a slight smell of hydrogen sulfide and a slight bitterness. The spoiled cans of shiruko showed decreased pH values but not decreased vacuum levels. Though this is a difference from the spoilage of canned coffee, the 16 isolated strains have the same principal characteristics as the causative bacteria of O. A. flat sour spoilage of canned coffee.
Therefore, sugar, which is the only common ingredient used in both canned shiruko and coffee, is likely to be the source of the causative bacteria.View full abstractDownload PDF (466K) -
Akinobu WATANABE, Masakazu TOKUMARU, Tomoko IKEUCHI, Sadao KONDO1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 42-49_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSExperimental studies on the detection of residual hygromycin B in animal tissues were carried out by bioautography on thin-layer chromatographic plates, with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633.
A linear calibration plot was obtained in the range of 0.0625 to 1.0 unit per spot of hygromycin B standard solution by bioautography.
The assay sensitivity was improved to give a detection limit of 0.5 unit per spot (0.8 unit per gram) in muscles and liver and 1.0 unit per spot (1.6 unit per gram) in kidneys of pigs.
The average recoveries in the muscles, liver and kidneys were 57.1%, 50.9% and 22.0%, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (851K) -
Studies on Residual Diphenyl Ether Herbicides in Foods. INobutoshi SATO, Kiyoshi ISHIKAWA, Shigeru SUZUKI, Keigo TAKATSUKI, Kei ...1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 50-55_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThree unknown peaks were found on ECD gaschromatograms of n-hexane extracts from corbicula, appearing closely after organochlorine pesticides.
These three substances were purified by silver nitrate-coated florisil column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Two of them were identified as CNP (2, 4, 6-trichrophenyl-4′-nitrophenyl ether) and chlomethoxynil (2, 4-dichlorophenyl-3′-methoxy 4′-nitrophenyl ether) which are widely used as rice paddy herbicides in Japan.
The other constituent was suspected from its mass spectrum to be a diphenyl ether derivative with four chlorine atoms and a nitro group. Later, it was identified as a TCNP (2, 3, 4, 6-tetrachlorophenyl-4′-nitrophenyl ether), as a result of two synthetic reactions; 1) chlorination of CNP and 2) a coupling reaction on 2, 3, 4, 6-tetrachlorophenol and 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene.
TCNP is present in commercial CNP herbicide, and is presumably a byproduct of CNP synthesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (632K) -
Studies on Residual Diphenyl Ether Herbicides in Foods. IIKiyoshi ISHIKAWA, Shigeru SUZUKI, Nobutoshi SATO, Keigo TAKATSUKI, Kei ...1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 56-59_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe determination of diphenyl ether herbicides, NIP, CNP, chlomethoxynil and TCNP, was achieved according to the procedure for the determination of organochlorine pesticides, which consists of acetonitrile extraction and clean-up by silver nitrate-coated Florisil column chromatography.
The homogenized sample is extracted 3 times with acetonitrile. The extract is diluted with water and re-extracted with n-hexane. After concentration, the n-hexane layer is subjected to silver nitrate-coated Florisil column chromatography. The 2% ethylacetate/n-hexane eluate is concentrated for ECD/GC analysis. Satisfactory gas chromatograms were obtained for most samples.
The average recoveries throughout the procedure were 98% (NIP), 97% (CNP), 91% (chlomethoxynil) and 95% (TCNP).View full abstractDownload PDF (377K) -
Miyako YAMAMOTO, Akio TANIMURA1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 60-63_1
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe standard method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide by iodometry is not sufficiently sensitive, because the end point of titration is not clear. In this work, a clear test solution was obtained by modification of the extraction procedure as follows. Hydrogen peroxide was extracted by homogenizing foods with zinc sulfate solution and sodium hydroxide solution. The homogenate was centrifuged and the supernatant was filtered. Hydrogen peroxide in the filtrate was determined by iodometry. This modified method is simple and shows improved sensitivity.View full abstractDownload PDF (469K) -
Takenori MARUYAMA, Chiaki MURAKAMI, Hiromu KANEMATSU, Isao NIIYA1981 Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 64-68
Published: February 05, 1981
Released on J-STAGE: December 11, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (547K)
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