Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi)
Online ISSN : 1882-1006
Print ISSN : 0015-6426
ISSN-L : 0015-6426
Volume 9, Issue 5
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
  • Masao FUJIMAKI
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 337-347
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • On the Decomposition Products of Xanthene Dyes (3) Tetrachlorofluorescein and Phloxine
    Mieko KAMIKURA
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 348-357
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In continuation of the grevious work (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 8, 427, 434 (1967)), the decomposition products of tetrachlorofluorescein and phloxine were studied.
    If the decomposition of these dyes is similar to that of fluorescein, resorcinol and 2- (2′, 4′-dihydroxybenzoyl) -tetrachlorobenzoic acid (2′, 4′-diOHB-tetra Cl-BA) may be yielded from tetrachlorofluorescein, and 2, 4-dibromoresorcinol and 2- (3′, 5′-dibromo-2′, 4′-dihydro-xybenzoyl) -tetrachlorobenzoic acid (2′, 4′-diOH-3′, 5′-diBrB-tetra Cl-BA) from phloxine. However, when tetrachlorofluorescein is hydrolyzed, it yields resorcinol, but 2′, 4′-diOHB-tetra Cl-BA could not be obtained. In the case of phloxine, it yielded 2, 4-dibromoresorcinol and 2-brornoresorcinol mainly, but 2′, 4′-diOH-3′, 5′-diBrB-tetra Cl-BA was not detected. Therefore, 2′, 4′-diOHB-tetra Cl-BA and 2′, 4′-diOH-3′, 5′-diBrB-tetra Cl-BA were synthe-sized and the behavior of these compounds in alkaline medium were studied. On heating in alkaline medium, these compounds transformed into fluorescent substances, alkaline solution of 2′, 4′-diOHB-tetra Cl-BA giving two spots of a greenish fluorescent product (Rf 0.20) and a bluish fluorescent product (Rf 0.06) on a thin layer chromatogram, using a solvent system of chloroform+glacial acetic acid (4: 1), while that of 2′, 4′-diOH-3′, 5′-diBrB-tetra Cl-BA gave a greenish fluorescent product (Rf 0.47) and a bluish fluorescent product (Rf 0.17). These greenish fluorescent products were isolated from these reaction solution and their structures were determined by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, together with their analytical data. A greenish fluorescent product obtained from 2′, 4′-diOHB-tetra Cl-BA was 2, 3, 4-trichloro-6-hydroxyxanthone-1-carboxylic acid while that obtained from 2′, 4′-diOH-3′, 5′-diBrB-tetra Cl-BA was found to be 2, 3, 4-trichloro-5, 7-dibromo-6-hydroxyxanthone-1-carboxylic acid. From these results it became clear that 2′, 4′-diOHB-tetra Cl-BA was not obtained when tetrachlorofluorescein was hydrolyzed with 50% sodium hydroxide solution, and 2′, 4′-diOH-3′, 5′-diBrB-tetra Cl-BA, when phloxine was hydrolyzed.
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  • I. Autolysis of Whole Cells
    Tomio KAWATA, Shigemi SATO, Hikoo YAMASHITA, Kenji TAKUMI, Norio UNEMI ...
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 358-363
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Cells of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190 grown in thioglycolate medium (GYPT medium) autolysed after having reached a maximum growth. This strain was dissociated into large and small colony-forming types in semisolid media. The cells obtained from the large colony type autolysed more rapidly than those from small one. Washed cells harvested at logarithmic growth phase lysed in phosphate buffer at 37°C within 2-3 hours. Autolysis rose above pH 6.0 and was optimal near pH 7.0. The potential for autolysis reached a maximum toward the end of the logarithmic growth phase and thereafter the cells became resistant to autolysis. The autolytic activity was destreyed by heating the cells at 60°C for 10 minutes and was slightly affected by cysteine (10-2M), N-ethylmaleimide (10-2M) and mercaptoethanol (10-1M).
    During autolysis nitrogen, protein, nucleic acids, reducing sugars, amino sugars and botulinum toxin were released from the cells as the reduction of the turbidity in cell suspension occurred. Electron microscopic observations on the process of autolysis revealed that the partial lysis of walls occurred first at the end of the organism and the cytoplasmic contents were lost through such lesions. The lysis of the wall centripetally spread and finally the morphological entity of the wall was completely lost. From these findings it is suggested that the autolysis may be proceded by auto-digestion of the cell wall at the end of the organism.
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  • II. Autolytic Formation of Spheroplasts and Autolysis of Cell Walls
    Tomio KAWATA, Kenji TAKUMI, Shigemi SATO, Hikoo YAMASHITA
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 364-368
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Most of the cells of Clostridium botulinum type A strain 190 harvested at logarithmic growth phase in GYPT medium were converted autolytically to spheroplasts in 0.5M sucrose-phosphate buffer within 2-3 hours at 37°C. Electron microscopic observations on the formation of spheroplasts demonstrated that the cytoplasmic contents were extruded through partly dissolved walls at the end of the organism and formed spherical bodies.
    Crude wall fraction, isolated from logarithmic phase cultures by sonication and fraction-ation, rapidly autolysed in phosphate buffer. The wall fraction isolated from the large colony type of the strain lysed more rapidly than those from the small one as reported on the whole cells. Reducing sugars and amino sugars being main constituents of the wall were released from the wall fraction as wall-autolysis occurred. Electron micorscopic study showed that the rigid structure of the wall was completely lost and only fragile membranous or amorphous components remained as residues. Heated wall preparations digested with trypsin and nagarse were dissolved by a soluble wall-autolysate, but not by a soluble cytoplasmic fraction. It seems likely that autolytic enzyme system may exist at or near the cell wall.
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  • Inhibition of the Germination and the Growth of Bacillus subtilis Spores with Amino Acids and Sorbic Acid
    Kiyoshi HARADA, Ryoichi HIGUCHI, Isamu UTSUMI
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 369-373
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Studies on the inhibition of the germination and the growth of Bacillus subtilis spores by amino acids and sorbate were carried out and the following results were obtained:
    (1) Inhibition of the germination.
    In 18 D-, L- or DL- amino acids studied, D-alanine and D- or DL-serine were found to be strongly inhibitory on the germination using meat extract as nitrogen source. When L-alanine was used as nitrogen source, glycine was also found to have an inhibitory effect as well as the above-mentioned amino acids. Sorbate had no influence on the germination.
    The rate of germination (by Hachisuka's method) at initial stage of the germination appeared to be a mode of first order reaction, and then the rate constant k calculated from the first order reaction equation was confirmed to be well corresponding to the rate of germination by Hachisuka's method.
    (2) Inhibition of the growth involving the germination.
    In 19 D-, L- or DL- amino acids studied, glycine, D-, L- or DL-serine, and D-, L- or DL-threonine were found to have an inhibitory effect. Particularly, the combined use of glycine and serine or that of glycine and threonine showed a strong effect. Combined use of these amino acids would be applied for food preservation with sorbate or other preservatives.
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  • Norihide NOSE, Tomoaki OKITSU
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 374-378
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: July 27, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    According to the methods by Arai et al. and Kanno et al. for the chemical assay of 2- (2-furyl) -3- (5-nitro-2-furyl) acryl amide (furyl furamide, FF), FF in a food can be extracted with acidulated toluene-butyl acetate mixture, followed by separation of FF in the solvent fraction by means of an alumina column chromatography. However, the recovery of FF in the aforementioned methods was not so high as 80 to 90% sometimes being as low as 60%.
    In the present study, a new simple method was devised for the separation of FF in foods by means of partition column chromatography, and by this method, fairly high recovery of FF was obtained as can be seen in Table 2 and Fig. 5. Outline of the new method is as follows:
    (1) About 3g of the minced sample was mixed with 2g of alumina, 3g of silica gel and 1g of sodium sulfate (anhydrous).
    (2) The mixture was packed in a glass tube of 1.3cm in diameter tightly, followed by the addition of 5g of silica gel on the top of sample mixture.
    (3) The column thus prepared was subjected to partition chromatography of ascending method using the mixture of toluene, ethyl acetate and ethanol (2: 2: 1) as a solvent.
    (4) After development, the FF band of yellow colored portion in the column was taken out to elute with methanol.
    (5) FF in the eluate was determined colorimetrically according to the method by Kanno et al.
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  • V. Acute Toxicity Test for Representative Species of Fungal Isolates from Milled Rice Harvested in 1965
    Hiroshi KURATA, Shun-ichi UDAGAWA, Masakatsu ICHINOE, Yôsuke KAW ...
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 379-384
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present studies were undertaken to determine the population of toxigenic fungi in domestic milled rice harvested in 1965. Of a total of 835 isolates, the toxigenicity of 82 representative strains has been investigated by subcutaneous administration with cultural filtrates of the fungi and methanol extracts obtained from mold-rice substrates. The experimental animals, male mice weighing 15-18g, were subcutaneously injected with 0.5ml/mouse of the cultural filtrates and with 25mg, 250mg and 1, 250mg/kg of the methanol extracts, respectively, in a single dose. Results of the tests indicated that fungal metabolites from one strain of Penicillium expansum and Penicillium islandicum were highly toxic, and fungal metabolites from one strain of P. cyclopium, P. cylclopium var. echinulatum, P. martensii, P. decumbens, P. expansum and Aspergillus versicolor, and 2 strains of P. roqueforti were mildly toxic. Toxic effects were not found in the other fungi, including the groups belonging to Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti. Thus, highly toxic fungi were found in 2 of representative strains, a frequency of 2.4%. The incidence of mild toxic fungi was 9.7%. This is the first report of the prevalence of toxic fungi in domestic rice. Known mycotoxins such as patulin, luteroskyrin, and islanditoxin and two different unknown were detected. Except for a few cases of Fusarium toxicoses, human mycotoxin poisoning has not ever been happened in Japan. These facts could be considered as evidence for a qualitative interpretation of mycotoxicosis in the Japanese people who consume rice as their main food.
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  • VI. Histopathologic Changes in Mice Caused by Toxic Metabolites of Fungi Isolated from Domestic Rice
    Hiroshi KURATA, Shuni-chi UDAGAWA, Masakatsu ICHINOE, Yôsuke KAW ...
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 385-394
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    During a population survey of toxic fungi in foodstuffs, two strains of highly toxic fungi and nine strains of mildly toxic fungi were detected. Toxic metabolites of these 11 strains of fungi were administrated subcutaneously to male mice weighing 15-18g, respectively, and seven days after the single administration, experimental animals were killed and histopathological observations of various organs were carried out.
    The nature and the degree of the induced histopathological changes of various organs of mice were throughly investigated and described. Hepatic injuries, e. g., irregularity of the nuclear size of hepatic cells, occasional mitotic figures, and inflammatory changes were commonly recognized as an induced pathologic change by all fungal toxic metabolites used in this study, however, the hepatic changes seemed to be nonspecific reactions. The most conspicuous hepatic injuries were noticed in mice administered toxic metabolites of the Penicillium islandicum. Nephrotoxity of the Penicillium islandicum, and neurotoxity of the Penicillium decumbens and the Penicillium cyclopium were indicated.
    As it has been demonstrated in the previous toxicity study, it was noteworthy that even with toxic metabolites obtained from the same fungus, different methods of obtaining the toxic metabolites caused a different pathological effect. Individual differences in susceptibility among experimental animals to the fungal toxic metabolites were also observed.
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  • Determination of Propylene Oxide Residue in Foods
    Takashi OGUMA, Yutaro HOSOGAI, Seiji FUJII, Iwao KAWASHIRO
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 395-398
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Propylene oxide has been known to be effective against insects, fungi and bacteria. The authors determined gas chromatographically propylene oxide residue in various foods treated with propylene oxide vapor.
    Fumigation and gas chromatographic conditions are as follows:
    fumigation
    temperature 40, 50°C
    time 60, 120, 180, 240min
    pressure 1atm
    vacuum 60mm/Hg
    gas chromatograph
    instrument Shimadzu GC-2C
    column length 1.5m, internal diameter 3mm
    packing propylene glycol 6000 (25%)
    support Chromosorb W (30-60 mesh)
    carrier gas He
    flow rate 60ml/min
    detector TCD
    temperature
    column 65°C
    injection port 100°C
    chart speed 10mm/min
    The results of the determination were shown in. Table 1.
    The residue of propylene oxide was found in some fumigated foods.
    The residue was probably caused by being dissolved in the fat contained in food or being adsorbed on the surface of food.
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  • I. The Quantitative Method of Coal-Tar Dyes in Some Drinks
    Shigeaki TAKAGI
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 399-404
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Masahiro IWAIDA, Yutaka KAWAGUCHI, Iwao KAWASHIRO
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 405-408
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Masahiro IWAIDA, Tsuyako SHIROTORI, Ryoko EBINE, Iwao KAWASHIRO
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 409-413
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Kuniji ITO
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 414-417
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Tsuyoshi MATSUZAKI
    1968 Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 418-422
    Published: October 05, 1968
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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