Constructing a model of large-scale system is very difficult because generally no sufficient information is available from the system. In this paper, we propose a method of modeling large-scale systems from the viewpoint of two kinds of flows.
The fundamental concept of this method is to compensate for the lack of information in one part of the large-scale system with the use of information in another part of it. We can expect to be informed on the relationship among the nodes; i. e., we shall know the flow goes from where to where, even if the system is of a large-scale. We therefore pay attention to the flow and model the system from the viewpoint of two kinds of flows This method makes it possible, for us to find the principles and rules of large-scale systems.
First the basic concept of this method is studied for hierarchical systems, secondly this method is applied to an ecosystem, an environmental system and a production system. Especially, we study the following points.
1) A hierarchy of specific energy and mass cycling in the ecosystem.
2) Concentration of a trace substance in the foodweb.
3) Material cycling (mass reutilization) and stability in the production system.
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