The paper describes principal technologies and design principles for developing a three-dimensional optometer III (TDO III), which can measure simultaneously three basic ocular functions -accommodation, eye movement and pupil response- and head movement in a natural working environment. The principal technologies developed are divided into four categories: namely (1) a theory to design optical relay lens systems, (2) a computer aided design (CAD) program for developing three-dimensional optical systems, (3) a theory of optimal regulator system with integral controllers extended from the linear optimal regulator theory, and (4) a generalized data correction procedure based on the least square error method.
The design principles are (1) to allow 40° horizontal and 30° vertical eye movement, (2) to allow head movement within a sphere with a 200mm diameter, (3) to minimize optical components, (4) to minimize the size and weight of the optical measurement system, and (5) to minimize optical distortion. The accuracy of measuring both accommodation and pupil diameter with the TDO III is about the same as that of commercially available apparatuses: ±0.125 diopters and ±2%, respectively. The error of measuring the angle of the eyes is less than ±0.25°.
The paper also describes a three-dimensional visual stimulator (TVS), which is virtually a dual system of the TDO III. The TVS can stimulate subjects binocularly in a variety of conditions, which will pave the way to elucidate fundamental characteristics of the human visual system. Two examples of experiments which have been performed with the TDO III are presented to demonstrate that human eyes react sensitively toward perceived depth sensation.
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