To examine the repeatability of classification of the cleanness test for raw silk, a computer simulation experiment was carried out basedonrepeatedtestingofthe same lot. The differences in applicable grade of cleanness were mostly the same or grade 1, but differences in grade 2 appeared at the rate of 8% for 5A, 19% for 4A, 9% for 3A and 5% for 2A. Differences in grade 3 appeared at 3% for 5A and 1% for 2A and A.
The probability of seeing a difference when grading twice for cleanness was 60% for 5A, 65% for 4A, 69% for 3A, 39% for 2A and 36% for A. There is a marked difference between the experimental value for the probability of a difference appearing when grading twice and the calculated value based on the probability of grading errors. (E mail : kouzu_ub@nifty.com)

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A laser sensor-based size control system was devised to produce high quality thin raw silk. To test the effectiveness of the system, we made 10-denier raw silk using a unit installed in a homemade reeling machine, identifying this silk yarn as ‘A’. We also reeled the same size of raw silk using an automatic reeling machine with conventional size detectors, identifying this silk as ‘B’. For each raw silk, we computed the denier size based on 50 m of raw silk, which was identified as ‘1,’ as well as measuring its diameter using the laser sensor-based system developed here identified as ‘2’. The series of raw silk diameter recorded while being reeled with the homemade machine was named ‘A0’.
Statistical analysis of the measurements A0, A1, A2, B1 and B2 showed that there to be a significant correlation between A0 and A2. A comparison of A2 and B2 showed that the size control system developed as described in this paper is potentially useful for the production of raw silk with minimal size deviation. Furthermore, regulating the upper-limit of the raw silk size with this control system suggests that it would favor the production of higher quality raw silk.
(*: To whom correspondence should be addressed, E-mail: kenchi@nias.affrc.go.jp)

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the production structure and marketing strategies of the weaving industry in the Kiryu textile production area in Gunma, central Japan. This study investigates Kiryu textile cooperatives and two representative weaving companies. From the postwar period to the 1970s, the cooperative weaving factories were under the control of the weaving firms. However, these above-mentioned firms have increasingly been located in weaving course. The Kiryu textile production area is now the main supplier to the domestic market, and sells chiefly materials for women's clothing and obi (kimono sashes). Meanwhile, the large-scale weaving companies are making separate efforts to sell textile products manufactured by external contractors who produce a wide variety of small-lot items. It is therefore important for the textile cooperatives in this area to establish a support system so that their marketing skills can be passed on to safeguard their future. (*: Naotatsu Ono, E mail: nono@cc.tuat.ac.jp)

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the location of silkworm egg industry and its production cost. The method of this study is hearing from silkworm egg industry, namely two silkworm egg enterprises. The conclusions are as follows. The first one is that although the silkworm egg industry is very important, it has not been paid more attention on this industry than Sericultural industry. The second one is that its production cost has gone into the red; therefore it will be better to apply some kind of public support on the silkworm egg industry. (*: Naotatsu Ono, E mail: nono@cc.tuat.ac.jp)

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The influence of degree of drying and cocoon cooking conditions on reeling characteristics and quality characteristics of raw silk has been studied using CSR race bivoltine hybrid cocoons. From the results it is observed that degree of drying and cocoon-cooking conditions have significant influence on reelability, raw silk recovery, thread troubles and quality of raw silk. Results indicate that drying of cocoons to the optimum degree of drying and better cocoon cooking conditions are essential for achieving better reeling performance and for the production of superior grade raw silk. Results also reveal that good quality raw silk (of international grade) can be produced from semi-dried cocoons provided cocoon cooking is good with suitable cocoon cooking conditions depending upon targeted raw silk recovery and quality. (*To whom correspondence should be addressed ,Tel +918559-222284 , E mail : naikcstri@yahoo.co.in)

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—A simulation of the process of exhausting water from the inner space of cocoon cooked by steaming portion of cocoon cooking machines was performed under laboratory conditions with a thermocouple differential analog input module and a measuring system based on LabVIEW. The temperature of cocoon’s inner space and the weight of the cocoon were measured synchronously and continuously. By analyzing the measured results based on the mechanism of exhausting water process, the influencing factors of exhausting water was discussed, which was found that the temperature of cocoon’s inner space is the main influencing factor in factory’s production, and the main method to control it is adjusting the revolutions of the valve in the cooking machine. (*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +86-512-67503729. Tel: +86-512-67503729, Email: qgchen@suda.edu.cn)

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The cocoon-cooking process is an important contributor to producing high-quality raw silk, but it is difficult to set its conditions. We have attempted to develop a system for optimizing the processing conditions of a cocoon-boiling machine by using an expert system and a neural network running a Back Propagation Algorithm. This expert system works under the Windows OS. The information it requires includes the silkworm rearing period, weight of cocoons, reelability percentage, breakage rate of reeling thread, and knots. We carried out cocoon-boiling experiments to obtain fundamental data, which we fed into the neural network. The results showed that our system can achieve better boiling conditions than achievable using conventional techniques. (*: To whom correspondence should be addressed, E mail: morikaw@shinshu-u.ac.jp)

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The influence of process conditions on the level and quality of silk degumming has been studied extensively using two factors by the researchers. In this work, the effect of four process conditions viz. time, temperature, soap concentration and soda concentration in degumming process, being adopted in the silk handloom industry, has been studied on Indian bivoltine silk with respect to degumming loss %, whiteness index and yellowness index using Box-Behnken design of experiments. It is found that the temperature and soda concentration significantly influence the three responses studied. Soap concentration is found to influence whiteness index and yellowness index. The optimum process conditions have been set to obtain the desirable degumming loss percentage. (* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +91 44 27277583, 27230499. Fax: +91 44 27277583 , E Mail: kmakhadir@Yahoo.com)

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SR-TocEM, an α-tocopherol emulsion generated in the presence of sericin, was lower in emulsification but higher in heat stability than TocEM, a control emulsion prepared in the absence of sericin. After heating at 115°C for 180 min, sericin in the liquid state was degraded whereas SR-TocEM remained in an emulsion state that showed the same emulsifying degree as non-heated SR-TocEM. The adsorption of sericin at an oil-water interface, which probably caused the lower degree of emulsification, was found to improve the heat stability of SR-TocEM. (*: To whom correspondence should be addressed, E mail: akurioka@silk.or.jp)

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The effects of exposure to sunlight on the color of the yellow green cocoon (Sasamayu) were studied using a spectroscope. The initial chromaticity of a Sasamayu cocoons, which eventually turned less light after five weeks of exposure, discolored during the first week of exposure. In white cocoons, however, such discoloring was not observed. The reflectance spectra of Sasamayu decreased with increasing exposure time, though indicating a temporary increase during the first 2 weeks of exposure. The fluctuation patterns for the reflectance spectra of kaempherol were similar to that of Sasamayu, but different in the period of a temporary increase. These results suggest that the denaturing of flavonol is responsible for the color change of Sasamayu. (*: To whom correspondence should be addressed, E mail: fkurioka@silk.or.jp)

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To improve the properties of Western-style fabrics made from Ôshima tsumugi silk, in place of traditional Amami Island single-twisted yarn, we treated multi-ply silk yarn with epoxide, then wove and evaluated the fabric before and after dyeing with acid dye. The fabric showed better crease-proof and shape-retaining properties after treatment with epoxide when in either yarn or fabric form, and retained its colour fastness when subjected to washing and rubbing.
(*: To whom correspondence should be addressed, E mail:misao@po4.synapse.ne.jp)

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