The artificial surfaces of athletic stadiums comply with the standards of IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) and JAAF (Japan Association of Athletics Federations). The standards of IAAF consist of 10 properties, such as imperfections, sample thickness, orce reduction and modified vertical deformation. It is demanded that the stadium where the international athletic meet is held fills these standards. However, these standards are adapted at the time of the construction of the stadium. The repair standards related to the change of passing years and use frequency are not defined. In order to prevent the occurrence of sports injuries, it is necessary to make clear the changes according to the passing years of the stadium. The purpose of this study was to develop a system that is able to evaluate mechanical characteristics of the surface, the practicality of this system, and the surface objectively. The results of this study are as follows: (1)The form of pin and surface hardness exert an influence on the pressing of the pin. (2)The surface damage of the athletic stadium was determined by this system. Measurement items are thickness, the pressing displacement quantity of pin, hardness, restitution coefficient and surface observation. (3)This system is suitable for use as the pre-survey of the IAAF attestation organization, although it is a simple model.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the way in which the stadium securitization was introduced to finance professional football clubs in England during the period of 1989 to 2002, and also to analyse the general structure and current practices of such deals. First phase of this development was the modernization of stadiums, prompted by the Taylor Report. The second phase was characterised by the transformation of clubs into joint-stock companies for more stable financing, which also coincided with the stadium refurbishment and the consequent spread of stadium hospitality business. The third phase was where the clubs discovered securitization of stadiums as a method of attaining long-term financing. It was discovered that the place of stadium in the club's financial operation was thereby changed. It was also found that securitization is a large and long-term source of finance, which also happens to be more flexible than loans from banks, and therefore easier to use. However, it also became clear that this method of financing requires each club to maximize their stadium revenues. These English cases also suggest that depending on where the money is reinvested, such financial practices can potentially put club finances in danger.

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This paper aims to classify changes in sports and recreational activities from 1982 to 2001 and to investigate future trends in the numbers of participants of various types of activities based on age-period-cohort analyses. The effects of age, period, and cohort on participation rates are estimated from data classified by age group and survey period using the Bayesian logit cohort model. A total of 50 activities for both sexes are classified into four clusters forage effects, five for period effects, and six for cohort effects using cluster analysis. The mainresults are : (1) From the clusters for age effects, people increase or keep their participationin some activities, while they disengage themselves from participation in many activities asthey age. (2) From the clusters for period effects, participation in some activities such as golfare affected by the time trends related to household income, economic cycle, and fashion ofcomics. (3) From the clusters for cohort effects, each cohort tends to continue participation inparticular activities depending on the historical circumstances where its members grew up.

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