Many national governing bodies of sport (NGB) are collecting annual registration fees from their players. The purposes for which a player pays an annual registration fee are the participation in competition, and the official recognition of records.
    NGBs should use this registration fee for the expenses of holding competitions, qualification checks of players and recording official recognition, and such expenses are the reciprocity of the registration fee.
    There must be reciprocity nature in an annual registration fee. The reason for this is because NGBs are monopolist entities and even if they spend an annual registration fee for purposes that exceed the range of reciprocity nature, players are not able to choose other governing bodies. Therefore, NGBs should define management accounting rules and should also set up the range of annual registration fee spending. Furthermore, since not performing such procedures corresponds to abuse of a superior position by monopoly, it should be considered that a problem of governance has arisen.
    In this research, the existence of the rule about the purpose for spending annual registration fee income and a concrete rule were investigated with regard to NGBs. Amongst the NGBs that answered, there was no NGB that has set up a rule about annual registration fee income with reciprocity. From the viewpoint of governance, an appropriate rule and a management accounting system that would realize reciprocity should be required.

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    The purpose of this study was to examine the formation model of sports commitment that influences sports participation and persistency by investigating the dynamics of relationships between the sports individual and social orientations, athletic identity, and sports commitment. The participants were 803 student athletes (487 collegiate athletes and 316 high school student athletes) and they completed questionnaires (Sports Individual and Social Orientation Scale, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Sport Commitment Scale) . In the results of Structural Equation Model (SEM) , the hypothesized model demonstrated goodness of fit and validity of the original formation model of sports commitment. In addition, the results indicated that there was significant relationship only between sport social orientation, athletic identity, and sports commitment. In other words, social orientation formatted identity as an athlete, and athletic identity affected sports commitment. Therefore, this study concluded that it might be important to foster student athletes’ sports social orientation (for example by gaining the trust of coaches and teammates) by their coach or manager for competitive sports participation and persistency.

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PURPOSE : This study aims to verify the effect of differences in the skill level of opponents and doubles partners regarding exercise intensity and enjoyment of healthy senior people with no experience in playing tennis or short tennis when playing doubles games of short tennis.
METHODS : Twenty-four Japanese senior novices (52-77 years old ; 8 males, 16 females) played four different types of doubles games, one game each against two different opponents (novice and skilled) and with two different partners (novice and skilled) . Exercise intensity was assessed by acceleration and heart rate, measured by an ActivTracer® AC-301A (GMS) , while enjoyment was evaluated using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale.
RESULTS : When playing against novice opponents, mean acceleration with a skilled partner (130.3 mG) was significantly lower than with a novice partner (138.1 mG) , but when playing against skilled opponents, there was no significant difference between a skilled partner and a novice partner. When paired with a skilled partner, mean acceleration against skilled opponents (148.2 mG) was significantly higher than against novice opponents (130.3 mG) , but when paired with a novice partner, there was no significant difference between skilled opponents and novice opponents. There was a significant main effect of the opponents for mean heart rate when playing against skilled opponents (124.8 beats/min) than against novice opponents (120.2 beats/min) , but no significant main effect of partners was evident. There was no significant difference in enjoyment level among games.
CONCLUSION : This study demonstrates that when senior people with no experience start playing short tennis, they should carefully consider the skill level of their partners and opponents so that they can gradually increase their exercise intensity. The study also indicates how senior people can derive enjoyment from short tennis irrespective of the level of play of their opponents or doubles partners.

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PURPOSE : The purpose of this study aimed at verifying the relation between Eco-friendly Attitude (EFA) and sufficiency of physical activity.
METHOD : A web investigation was conducted with people from 20 to 79 years old who live in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A lateral search was carried out from 15^th to 20^th February 2013. Effective reply was obtained from 2,123 people. The survey items consisted of the “ Eco-Friendly Attitude (9 items) and levels of physical activity were evaluated by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Version. Logistic regression analysis was conducted in order to clarify the relationship between the Eco-friendly Attitude and total physical activity (150 minutes or more / week) .
RESULT : Deviation was seen in five items and, finally, EFA was confirmed for reliability and validity in four items. EFA (OR=1.43 or 95%CI=1.15-1.78, p= 0.001) was significantly related to total physical activity (150 minutes or more / week) as confirmed by logistical regression analysis.
CONCLUSION : It is suggested that EFA is related to physical activity.

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Background : Research on the effects of disaster-relief by professional athletes has yet to be conducted.
Methods : We investigated the impact of continuous sports lessons, by professional athletes, on the mental and physical health of the participants and the athletes. The participants were high school students of Soma High School. Lessons started in June 2011 ; as of August 2012, seven lessons have been held. During the four lessons between September and December 2011, we collected qualitative and quantitative data by recording each student’ s event records and distributing a free response questionnaire to students and athletes.
Results : Participants included 45 students and 16 athletes. All the students established new event records. Numerical evaluation by students on perceived physical competence, self-efficacy, and perception of organizational changes failed to show any significant changes, while subjective evaluation by students identified three important categories : “ emotional response” , “ motivation” , and “ content of instruction” . Both students and athletes developed their interpersonal relationships from distant to close, and perceived enhancements in their psychological state during study periods.
Conclusions : A trusting relationship was established between students and athletes through continuous sports lessons held in disaster stricken regions, contributing to fruitful outcomes for both students and athletes.

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     The purpose of this study was to construct providing and receiving social support scales for sports teams. The participants were 563 student athletes (male : 395, female : 168) . First, social support items were selected from previous studies by sports psychologists, and these items were modified to assess receiving and providing support contexts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to analyze both providing and receiving support items, and 1 factor (6 items) was extracted in both the providing and receiving scales. In addition, reliability and factorial validity were confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in both scales. Construct validity was also confirmed in this study. The results suggested that the Providing and Receiving Social Support Scales for Sports Teams have sufficient validity and reliability. Therefore, the constructed scales were judged to be suitable for measuring the social support reciprocity in sports team and examining the relationships of athletes in further studies.

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    The purpose of this study was to measure the wearing effect of sprint spikes by performing rebound jumping, keeping constant frequency and utilizing the single degree of freedom vibration model. Physical stiffness is one of the important factors in sprint races. In this study, the human body was considered as a vibration model constructed of mass and spring. The physical stiffness including sprint spikes was estimated from the ground reaction force by rebound jumping. The wearing effect was determined from the estimated stiffness and contact time of rebound jumping. Consequently, in the case of wearing long plate type spike shoes, the physical stiffness was bigger than bare foot condition significantly. Also it was possible to evaluate properties of spike shoes from scattering and correlation of the contact time.

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    Triggered by the establishment of the J-league in 1993, the football club activities in Japan have been shifted from corporate clubs and school clubs to community clubs. While this phenomenon has been studied from the point of view of sports business, including the aspects of vision, marketing, human resources development and the like, to the best knowledge of the authors, there exists no research in the literature focusing on the evolutionary process of football clubs from their infancy to the establishment of professional clubs. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by proposing a conceptual management model to guide such evolutionary paths, with focus on how to develop cooperative relationships with local governments through different stages. The conceptual management model is created by the Modified Grounded Theory approach. Two clubs that exist in the special city and were promoted to the J-League from amateur clubs in the region are surveyed as a case study.

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    The purpose of this study was to clarify the advantages and disadvantages for club management of having a junior team, and to study considerations about junior team management in commercial tennis clubs. For that purpose, we conducted 2 studies as follows :
【Study1】 : To clarify advantages and disadvantages for club management of having a junior team, we conducted interview research with junior team managers of tennis clubs that have a junior team.
【Study2】 : We studied considerations about junior team management regarding junior teams by using the data obtained from Study1.
    We analyzed the data obtained by snowball sampling, using the KJ method. The main findings are summarized as follows :
    1) We clarified the following items : “increase in motivation of general junior students”, “enhancing brand image and advertising effect of club”, “negative image for general lesson”, “creating new values in club members”, “trouble with club members”, “accomplishment of corporate social responsibility”, “availability as an educational process”, “advancement of coaching skill”, “motivation in life for the coach in charge”, “chance of training top players for coaches”, “status of coaches by producing famous players”, “a heavy burden for the coach in charge”, “constitution of nearest base to top”, “difficulty securing of the coach in charge”, “reduced costs in recruiting”, “difficulty of financial benefit”, “probability of making financial benefit”, and “used up courts quickly” as the advantages and disadvantages for club management in relation to having a junior team.
    2) We clarified the following considerations about junior team management : “keeping management out of the red for good training environment”, “securing of a given number of players”, “system construction of cooperation with community”, “system construction of supply from general junior class”, “responding to the hollowing”, “supplying early elementary school child for the junior team”, “cost-effective in payment method”, “growing up mentally in junior players”, and “connecting club members with junior players”.

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