The purpose of study 1 was to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Daily Life Skills Scale. The purpose of study 2 was to compare the Daily Life Skills Scale between Chinese and Japanese university students.
    In study 1, five hundred and ninety-eight Chinese university students completed the questionnaire. In study 2, five hundred and ninety-six Japanese university students participated. Study 1 showed the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the “Daily Life Skills Scale” . Study 2 indicated a number of differences in Life Skills between Chinese and Japanese university students. Significant differences between Chinese and Japanese university students were observed. Chinese university students had higher mean scores for the intimacy factor, leadership factor, planning factors, knowledge summarization factor and self-esteem factor, while Japanese university students had higher mean scores for the aspects of empathy and interpersonal manner. This study showed the unique characteristics of Life Skills among Chinese university students which could be useful for developing Life Skills enhancement programme.

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    Although studies conducted to understand why athletes do not use Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) are becoming more common, little is known about the problem from the “elite” athlete’s perspective. This study qualitatively identified the factors that had influenced the decisions not to dope of twelve retired Japanese elite athletes (six males and six females) who won Olympic medals after the Athens Games in 2004. Thematic analysis was used to extract meaning from the semi-structured interview data using MAXQDA11. Personal and socio-environmental factors underpinning their decisions not to dope were identified in the accounts. Personal factors included: (1) personal moral stance; (2) judgment from a wide perspective; (3) intrinsic motivation; (4) task orientation; and (5) resilience. Socio-environmental factors were: (1) education from parents; (2) education from coaches; (3) social pressure; (4) fair play culture in Japan; (5) secure elite sport climate; (6) monetary benefit from winning a medal; (7) access to and knowledge of PEDs. The above-mentioned factors might be useful for developing future anti-doping strategies under a situation where there is a growing social need for actively engaging in promoting elite sports as a national strategy in order to generate success in the Tokyo Olympics in 2020, and in view of the fact that the pressure for athletes to engage in doping may be increased.

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    The aim of this study was to develop a teacher’s stressor scale for junior high school-based extracurricular sports activities and to compare cognition of stressors among attributes. The participants of this investigation were 1042 teachers who coach extracurricular sports activities; randomly selected by stratified sampling. Respondents were 373 teachers (males : 293, females : 80). Exploratory factor analysis revealed 7 factors (e.g. time burden of extracurricular sports activities and difficulty of communication with students) that were composed of 24 items. In addition, construct validity and reliability of the scale were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. The result of t test and one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between attributes. In this study the validity and reliability of the teacher’s stressor scale for junior high school-based extracurricular sports activities were confirmed. The results of comparisons among attributes suggested that different teachers’ attributes were also different from the cognition of stressors.

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    The purpose of this study was to clarify constructs and degree of effects of tennis participation among students of commercial tennis clubs, and to study considerations about relationships between demographics and degree of effects of tennis participation among students, in order to determine strategies for enhancing effects. Focusing on “A tennis club” in Kanagawa, we conducted researches.
    In order to examine these points, we conducted the following 3 steps:
【StepI】 : To develop effects of the tennis participation scale, we conducted qualitative research among coaches of A tennis club.
【StepII】 : To clarify reliability and validity of effects the of tennis participation scale, we conducted quantitative research among students of “A tennis club” .
【StepIII】 : We determined effects of tennis participation among students of a commercial tennis club, by clarifying the relationships between demographics and degree of effects of tennis participation.
    The main findings are summarized as follows: Firstly, we clarified 5 factors; “mental development” , “physical fitness” , “learning” , “social facilitation” , and “transfer of learning” , as effects of tennis participation. Then, we clarified the ways that participating in tennis competitions and belonging to outdoor school influence the effects of tennis participation. In conclusion, it is suggested that participating in tennis competitions and taking outdoor lessons could be effective to enhance effects of tennis participation.

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    With respect to the decision-making processes of consumers of major sports, Yoshida (2011) reports that there is a research group linking customer loyalty to customer satisfaction and one linking customer loyalty to social identity, and suggests using a theoretical model to integrate both research groups. Although constructing a model that simultaneously examines these relationships is important both for academic and practical reasons, no empirical research has been undertaken. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize data in order to verify the basic structure of the model proposed by Yoshida. Specifically, data on the spectators of the V. Premier League was used to analyze the relationship between team identity, game satisfaction, and behavioral intention. As a result of this analysis, the model was verified. Furthermore, the positive impact of team identity and game satisfaction on behavioral intention, and the positive correlation between team identity and game satisfaction was confirmed.

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    The J.League, which began in 1993, has had some problems with regard to stagnation of the number of fans attending matches and their increasing average age, which are awaiting solution. To gain new fans and overcome the present situation, first it is essential that the determinants of fan visits to stadiums be understood. The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors affecting attendance at J.League matches, using the 2013 data based on the average attendance rate. In this analysis, we roughly divided the independent variables into five: economic variables, stadium variables, condition of club’s record variables, attractiveness of match variables, and environmental variables. The dependent variable was the number of fans attending a match. Furthermore, we divided the clubs into high average attendance rate and low average attendance rate groups based on their average attendance rates to analyze the basis of each club’s operating conditions. Our multiple regression analysis showed that the number of fans attending a match depends on various factors, such as population, day of the week of game, or opening game. Moreover, these determinants differ with the average filling rate between the high and low rate groups, suggesting that the determinants of the number of fans attending a match depends on the average attendance rate. This study indicates that the J.League needs to take innovative steps to gain new fans and increase fan attendance. This is a mission not for the J.League alone, but for every J.Club. We hope that the factors determining fan attendance at the J.League will soon be clarified and steps will be taken to develop the league further.

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    The purpose of this study was to clarify how product satisfaction, brand trust, and brand loyalty are related to each other in regard to the purchasing of running shoes. The authors divided participants into two groups according to the quantity of training (running distance per month). The group which had lesser running distance was classified as the low product involvement group, and the group which had more running distance was classified as the high product involvement group. Then we examined the differences in the levels of product involvement.
    The data was collected from runners who participated in the 2014 Kobe Marathon held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. The total number of participants whose data was collected was 695. Product satisfaction was measured by 3 items, brand trust was measured by 4 items, and brand loyalty was measured by 2 items. The data analysis was first conducted by a confirmatory factor analysis. This study also checked the reliability and validity of the three-factor measurement. Structural equation modeling was conducted to test the hypotheses.
    Reliability and validity satisfied the criteria. Analysis of structural equation modeling yielded a good fit of statistics (low product involvement group: GFI=.943, AGFI=.893, CFI=.971, RMSEA=.080, high product involvement group: GFI=.955, AGFI=.915, CFI=.968, RMSEA=.083).
    The results of this study revealed the following facts:
1. In the low product involvement group, product satisfaction mediated brand trust and gave a positive impact to brand loyalty. In addition, product satisfaction did not affect brand loyalty.
2. In the high product involvement group, correlation were confirmed in all three hypotheses. Product satisfaction influenced brand trust,and brand trust also affected brand loyalty. In addition, product satisfaction affected brand loyalty.

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    In the present study, we focused on daily life affect experience, and aimed to confirm the promoting effect of negative affect and the suppressive effect of positive affect in aggravating burnout tendencies. Secondly, we aimed to examine the buffering effect of positive affect in suppressing the promoting effect of negative affect. Participants were university athletes (208 males and 68 females) who belonged to various athletic clubs.
    First, multiple regression analysis was performed to confirm the promoting effect of negative affect and the suppressive effect of positive affect in aggravating burnout tendency. We set positive affect and negative affect as independent variables, and burnout tendency as the dependent variable. Positive affect and negative affect were evaluated with the Japanese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and burnout tendency was assessed with the Athletic Burnout Inventory.
    Second, Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the buffering effect of positive affect in suppressing the promoting effect of negative affect. We set negative affect as the independent variable, positive affect as a moderating variable and burnout tendency as the dependent variable, and obtained the following findings:
1) In males as well as females, positive affect suppressed aggravation of burnout tendencies, while negative affect promoted aggravation of such tendencies.
In males as well as females, positive affect could not exert its buffering effect on suppressing aggravation burnout tendencies.

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    Beach volleyball, beach flags, long jump, triple jump, and so on are competitions that are played on sand areas. The competitors are affected by the dynamics of the sand that are different from those on hard surfaces. Little has been reported on developing a simulation model that can enable the creation of an optimal motion on sand, considering the motor skills and biological loads. The purpose of this paper is to develop a coupled simulation model of humans and sand areas by modeling a human body and sand as a musculoskeletal model and particle model. In addition to the development of the coupled simulation model, we apply it to optimizing simulations that enable us to search for optimal parameters relative to the coupled model, such as optimal motor skills on sand. As an example, we analyzed long jump landing and obtained results that optimized landing motions and combination ratios of different sand particles relative to the biological loads for effective training and optimal design of sand areas.

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    The scale of the Olympic Games has expanded since the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics due to globalization and commercialization. In recent years, many large cities have participated in bidding for the Summer Olympic Games because the Games are held on a scale that can produce demands on the construction sector, such as for the construction of stadiums and transportation links, and on the service sector, such as in the case of the media and tourism. The aim of this study is compare the impact on the host cities of the Summer Olympic Games, between the 1984 Los Angeles Games and the 2020 Tokyo Games. As data, I have used the main stock market index of the countries that have hosted the 10 Summer Olympic Games between 1984 and 2020. The change ratio is measured with 1 business day and 5 business days. The 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games showed a positive impact, although Japan has a larger economic scale than other host countries in the past ten Summer Olympic Games.

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    Teamwork is important to maximize team performance; when there is unity in teamwork, this leads to good group performance. The purpose of this study was to examine experiences of team unity among male college soccer players. Fifty-eight members of the X University men′s soccer team were surveyed. We asked participants to freely describe events during which they felt team unity. Questionnaire data were coded using the KJ method, and six categories of experience were defined regarding team unity (“inter-group interaction”, “shared leisure”, “unity”, “witnessing aggressive attitudes”, “winning”, and “behind-the-scenes”). Increases in these experiences led to improvements in teamwork. Differences in experiences of team unity by group type (A: regular members, B: semi-regular members, C: non-regular members) were examined by category. “Winning” was observed only in Group A, while “behind-the-scenes” experiences were observed only in Groups B and C. Characteristics of the groups were revealed. The remaining four categories were observed in all groups. These were related to the presence of “fellowship”, which was shown to be an indispensable aspect of the experience of team sport unity. In particular, interactions between regular members and other athletes were important to increase team unity both on and off the pitch. Furthermore, regardless of group membership, awareness of the impact of behavior on the entire team was a factor in teamwork improvement.

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    The purpose of this study was to longitudinally examine the modification of students’ consciousness about the connections between study and occupation by implementing introductory education for improving willingness for study and future occupation. This study compared an intervention group and a control group after two months for determining the effectiveness of educational intervention. There 71 were participants (63 males,, 8 females) from A university who were members of the intervention group, and 86 (male: 68, female : 18) from B university who were members of the control group. All participants were first-year college students studying in the sports science field. The results of the longitudinal study for the intervention group regarding their consciousness about connections between study and future occupation showed significant improvement during the introductory education term. In addition, the results of comparing the intervention group and the control group showed that there were significant differences between those groups. The intervention group indicated a higher consciousness of study and future occupation than the control group. Therefore, this study suggested the effectiveness of introductory education for improving willingness for study and occupation.

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    This study aims at providing some ideas for improving the mobility of disabled persons. In the run-up to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games, establishing effective and comfortable transit systems for the disabled is becoming an important issue. In addition, raising the quality of these systems will help to prepare for the advancement of the ageing society.
    In this study, we focus on the possibility of enhancing effectiveness and comfort in moving in a wheelchair. Based on field studies on wheelchair tennis players, we identify some important issues concerning physically disabled athletes. First, there aren’t enough so-called “barrier-free facilities” to provide smooth transit. Some measures should be taken to take care of groups of wheelchair athletes who need to move smoothly during the competitions. Second, urban infrastructures fall short of the expectations of active athletes in need of convenient means of transportation. Third, current means of personal transit involving equipment like wheelchairs can’ t provide enough functions and comfort for disabled athletes. This problem becomes even more evident when the athletes confront difficulties in carrying their sports equipment.
    To solve these problems, we conducted brainstorming sessions involving designers and a wheelchair tennis player. The discussions were carried out based on the design-thinking approach, focusing on the benefits for wheelchair users. Our conclusion is that disabled athletes need individual means of transit that allow them to move freely even in small public spaces. The key lies in power units that enable wheelchair users to move on their own. Here we provide two concrete ideas. One is a wheelchair powered by an electric power unit. The other is an electric vehicle that wheelchair users can ride on directly. We believe these ideas will help to promote the activities of disabled athletes and contribute to the success of the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games.

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    This paper analyzes sports events for recovery and healing from the Great East Japan Earthquake. It aggregates the data from sports events for recovery held in Japan from the time of the earthquake until July 2015.

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    The purpose of this study was to grasp the actual conditions of disability athletes in all the competitions to be carried out at the 2020 TOKYO Paralympics, and, based on this, to study the activation of disability sports looking towards 2020 and the possibility of social awareness changes regarding the Paralympics.
    We interviewed 29 athletes to understand their actual conditions. We also held a workshop to study the activation of disability sports, looking towards 2020, and the possibility of social awareness changes regarding the Paralympics. Seven people involved in disability sports participated in the workshop.
    The findings of this study are summarized as follows: from the interviews, we revealed problems in activities of disability athletes in each area: living and training environment, coaching, support system of the Association or Federation, dissemination of information and awareness, and funds and sponsors. From the workshop, we clarified the direction of activation according to the following four themes: cognition and dissemination, player excavation, career development of disability athletes, legacy from the 2020 TOKYO Paralympics based on the perspective of disability sports activation, and we suggested the ideas that may encourage social awareness changes for the society and for the players.

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    In June 2014 an agreement of cooperation was signed among the Paralympic Organizing Committee and 552 universities in regard to the promotion and planning of the Olympics movement for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.
    The object of this study was to clarify the challenges for the organizing committee and university cooperation projects in preparing for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics tournament, based on business examples from the Nagano Olympics.
    As a result of this study, it has been possible to create an environment for sharing information and planning the development of the tournaments of the Paralympics Games based on cooperation and sharing of information from the Nagano Olympics, the Games Organizing Committee, and local universities at the time of the Paralympic Games. Furthermore, to enable information exchange with the organizing committee, training and participation of tournament volunteers has been carried out. In light of this it is considered that, for the 2020 tournaments, it is important to carry out information exchange in cooperation with the business plan of the organization and the Games Organizing Committee and with the cooperation of each university.

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