Brain injuries during sports activity are caused by percussion which involves collision to the head. Constructing a protective environment for such collisions is one of the most important problems in biomechanical research. In this investigation, we calculated the impact force to the head with computer simulation, and evaluated the limitation speed for perpendicular and oblique impact to sports fence. From the evaluations, we suggested that safety is not always higher when the shock absorption is higher. There is a moderate capacity of the shock absorption.

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Compared to other winter sports such as skiing, there are few training apparatus for the luge. It has been said that in this sport, the start determines the win, so the off-season practice is concentrated mainly on the start. We have developed an apparatus that measures the amount of dynamic force applied to the grip at the start. When we compared the data using this apparatus, we found differences in dynamic force of luge athletes, among beginners, seniors and medalist. We could confirm the effectiveness of the apparatus from the results.

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Recently, GIS(Geographic Information System) has been applied in sales and marketing activities more often than before. GIS is applied to the visualization of markets and the analysis of market characteristics. For the visualization, GIS is used to represent the formation of a trade area, the competitiveness of trade areas, and thedynamic dimensions of a trade area. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the trade area of three commercialized sports clubs in a Japanese city located in Kyushu area using GIS application software such as SURFER and IDRISI. SURFER is used to visualize the trade area of the three clubs. IDRISI is also used to describe the competitiveness of these clubs. In addition, in order to analyze the penetration into the market by these three sports clubs, the market penetration ratios for people aged between eighteen and sixty-nine are calculated and displayed.The results of the analysis are summarized as follows: (1) There were big differences in the trade areas of the three sports clubs. (2) The formations of trade areas of each of the three clubs were analyzed in relationship to the other two clubs. (3) The trade areas and penetration ratios of the three clubs were assessed accurately using GIS.

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