Recently, the packaged product has been judged as damaged even when the exterior corrugated board has a little abrasion with the product not being damaged at all. Friction and vibration tests have been carried out to confirm the countermeasure of abrasion damage. However, the test conditions have not been simulated the real abrasion damage in distribution. The abrasion damages should be evaluated quantitatively. In this research, we promote a quantitative evaluation of the abrasion damage caused by vibration. It is found that the extent of the abrasion can be accounted by the frictional work load acting on the corrugated board. The friction and vibration test results on abrasion damage are similar at the same workload.

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The transport corporations lead distribution areas using carts at the center region of urban district, the transportation trucks would be stopped at the designated places in the collection and delivery area, and the cargo would be distributed by a cart from there. Generally, when cargos are carried on a cart for delivery, although it is much shorter than the time by trucking, we still cannot ignore it in a packaging design if the shock and vibration environment is severe. In this study, we performed the vibration measurement of a dummy package transported by truck and cart. We define the cumulative fatigue of shock on random vibration response as an evaluation index, and point out that we should consider the vibration shock environment of the distribution by cart as one of the conditions of cushioning package design.

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The papermaking potential of stalks, core, and bast parts of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench syn. Hibiscus esculentus L.), an agricultural waste, was evaluated by determining their chemical composition and converting the raw material into pulp utilizing soda-AQ and kraft pulping processes. Chemical analysis showed that the okra has lphacellulose and lignin content comparable to commonly used nonwood and wood resources. Okra stalk and core fiber lengths were comparable to hardwoods. Fiber distribution showed a high presence of pulp fines. Although total pulp yield was low, and kappa numbers were high, handsheets from unbeaten pulp were found to be adequate in terms of paper strength. urther refining increased strength properties.

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