To devise a method for controlling the damage to products considering the degree of damage per shock (d) at each layer in stacked packaging, we laid board- or sheet-like cushioning materials between each layer or outside the bottom of the boxes and studied the effects they had on the velocity change (Vc), the peak acceleration (PAcc), and d at each layer in the stacked packaging. The results of a drop test indicated that the values of Vc and PAcc corresponding to the drop shock at each layer in the stacked packaging can indeed be controlled by laying the board- or sheet-like cushioning materials between each layer or outside the bottom layer. Estimation results, obtained by a multiple regression analysis for the calculation of a specific d, indicated that the layer having the maximum d (dMax) could be changed using the cushioning materials, although the average d (dAv) throughout the packaging was not so changed. These results will contribute to the development of a mixed packaging system for products with varying fragility, damaged by cumulative fatigue.

View full abstract

In smuggling of marine containers, packaging materials are often made use of hiding illegal goods. It is more difficult to detect it when the packaging is send by the consolidation service for marine containers because so many packaging of other unknown shipper are loaded together in a marine container. Therefor random sampling security checking for packaging and containers is necessarily for preventing smuggling acts. Since number of economically developing countries has been rapidly increased, appropriate selection of targeted countries is critical for the security checking. This paper introduces a reasonable model of measuring vulnerability in countries by balancing benefits and costs of the countries by which degree of future risk in countries may be realized numerically. Forty two countries were tested to the model. Results of the testing show that vulnerability of economically developing countries is apparently higher than those of economically developed countries.

View full abstract