The behavior of particle beds in the field of vibration was investigated. The particle flow exhibits either convection or stagnation depending on the size of the container, bed height and the size of particles. The convective flow and stagnation conditions were experimentally elucidated in this study. Particles were fed in a cylindrical container which was vibrated vertically. A ratio of cylinder diameter
D to particle diameter
Dp and that of bed height
H to
D were employed as parameters for determining the flow behavior. Influences of vibratory intensity, physical properties of particles and particle shape on the packing density were also investigated experimentally and by computer simulations by the distinct element method (DEM). As a result, it was found that, (1) the stagnation becomes dominant for smaller
D/
Dp or
H/
D values, and (2) the packing density becomes maximum at the vibratory intensity Γ≈3.0 for equal spheres irrespective of particle properties, particle shape and particle flow. For non-spherical particles, however, the corresponding value becomes lower than that of spherical ones. In the range of Γ=0-3.0, the packing density increases from an initial value to the maximum with increasing Γ, but it remains at the maximum for decreasing Γ.
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