This study proposes a pyrolysis approach for bamboo using mixed NaOH–NaCl salts and examines how hydroxide- and chloride- derived effects govern pore formation under inert conditions. Alkali composition was found to influence both decomposition behavior and the properties of the resulting carbon, with NaOH promoting pyrolysis and NaCl enabling modulation of surface structure.

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Marine Vibrio sp. cells swarmed on the highly viscous surface of a medium containing 1.5 ％ agar and various concentrations of NaCl up to 1.2 M. The peak value of the swarming speed was 0.83 ± 0.13 μm s^-1 at 0.5 M NaCl, while the values of the doubling time showed a broad peak of 0.34 to 0.35 h in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 M NaCl. Swarming motility was completely repressed in the presence of 2 mM amiloride. These results indicate that the lateral flagella motor proteins of the isolate might have reduced the selectivity for the cation species.

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Lunar base construction demands in-situ resource utilization to avoid high transport costs. This study proposes a lunar-adaptable iron extraction process from ilmenite using mechanochemical treatment with CaCl₂2·2H₂O, followed by acid leaching and electrodeposition. The mechanochemical treatment converts ilmenite into soluble salts, enabling efficient iron dissolution with hydrochloric acid and recovery condensed iron content by electrodeposition.

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The authors developed a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method employing transient isotachophoresis (tITP) for the direct determination of inorganic ammonium (NH₄⁺) in seawater. In this system, sodium ions (Na⁺) naturally present in seawater and those present in the background electrolyte (BGE) served as the leading ion (LI）, whereas tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), subsequently introduced into the capillary, acted as the terminating ion (TI). At pH values higher than 9.75, ammonium nitrogen exists predominantly as molecular ammonia (NH₃), which exhibits strong UV absorption. This property enabled direct UV detection of NH₃ at 190 nm using BGE adjusted to pH 10.0. To enhance the separation efficiency, 0.03 ％ w/v hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was added to the BGE. The method achieved a limit of detection (LOD, S/N ＝ 3) of 1.6 mg/L and a limit of quantification (LOQ, S/N ＝ 10) of 5.4 mg/L for NH₄⁺-N (as N). The relative standard deviations (RSD, n ＝ 10) for peak area, peak height, and migration time were, respectively, 3.4, 2.8, and 1.6 ％. A linear calibration curve was obtained for the peak area over the tested concentration range, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9982. The method was applied to ascertain the NH₄⁺ concentrations in seawater samples collected from a marine landfill: a final waste disposal site constructed on reclaimed land. The CZE results obtained using the standard addition and single-point calibration methods showed good agreement with those obtained using the indophenol blue method, thereby demonstrating the applicability of the proposed CZE method for environmental monitoring. However, the proposed method is affected by the Na⁺ concentration in seawater. When the Na⁺ concentration is not known in advance, the standard addition method must be used. In addition, the standard addition method requires a longer analysis time than the external calibration method.

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