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Volume 19, Issue 12
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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On the Lipids in Its Raw ParticlesFuyuo OTA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1123-1126
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe research was carried out on the lipids in the lustrous particles, which has been considered to be main impurities in the preparation of pearl essence. Results obtained were as follows:
1) Yield of lipids extracted with alcohol and ether was 12.4% of the raw particles.
2) It was found that about 40% of fatty acid in the oil obtained from acetone-treatment of lipids was solid fatty acid and the other was liquid one. In the latter, moreover, about 45% of the fatty acid was highly unsaturated one.
3) About half of unsaponifiable matter which was contained in about 20% of oil, consisted of cholesterol and another half was lowly unsaturated alcohol.
4) Acetone-insoluble matter obtained from the lipids in about 9% of it, seemed to be phosphatides from the following results; that is, phosphorus and nitrogen contents of the insoluble matter, and the presence of cholin which, in hydrolyzate of the insoluble matter, was ascertained by paper chromatographic analysis and the other experimental results. Furthermore, boiling alcohol soluble and ether insoluble portion was also assumed to contain a phosphatides-like matter.
From what was described above, it seemed to be more important items in the prccess of refining the particles to remove the lipids, especially phosphatides from the raw particles.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
On the Lipids Remaining in Its Refined ParticlesFuyuo OTA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1127-1129
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper, it was infered that lipids, especially phosphatides-like matter, in the lustrous particles will be hard to be removed in the process of refining raw particles to make the pearl essence. In this study, the composition of lipids in the considerably refined particles, was compared with that of raw particles. The results obtained were as follows:
1) In the refined particles, about 28% of lipids contained in the raw particles was still remained.
2) The rate of both oil and unsaponifiable matter in lipids noticeably decreased, but, on the contrary, that of acetone insoluble matter increased in the refined particles.
From the above mentioned results, it was ascertained that phosphatides or its resembling matters in raw particles were harder to be removed than fatty oil and unsaponifiable matter in the refining prccess.View full abstractDownload PDF (155K) -
A Relation between the Quality of Pearl Essence and Its Chemical ConstituentsFuyuo OTA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1130-1133
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome preparations of home-made and foreign-made pearl essence were used for the comparative studies. The results obtained were as follows:-
1) All of the pearl essence used for the test were found to contain guanine as a primary constituent of them, and their guanine contents were almost equally except that of the high grade essence.
2) In each of pearl essences, the crystalline forms had the same bladed form, but the crystal of high grade pearl essence was different from that of the low grade one in size.
3) Ash, uric acid and phosphatide-like matter, which in previous report were presumed to be impurities in the lustrous material pearl essence by the writer, were not or rarely detected in the high grade pearl essence. But, they were little present in the low one.
It is, thus, infered that the qualities of pearl essence may be further elevated by completely removing ash, uric acid and phosphatides etc. from the lustrous material and that it have much correlation with the species of lustrous material.View full abstractDownload PDF (1201K) -
On the Morphological Property of Blood-CorpusclesKaname SAITO1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1134-1138
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author studied on the morphological property of the fish-blood mainly from a biological point of view; namely red-corpuscle, white-corpuscle, platelet, hematocrit, hemoglobin, cytochrome (Nadi-reaction) and Fe content of several fish-blood were determined.
The results were summarized in Table 1-3 and by these studies following phenomena were observed.
The blood of migratory fish such as tunny, bonito and mackerel contained more red-corpuscle and its size was smaller than that of bottom fish and consequently the surface of red corpuscle in the former was magnified. The hematcrit value, hemoglobin and Fe content of blood were greater in the active fish than that of blood in inactive one. It was thought that these property showed the nature of fish connected with their activity and the degree of evolution.
The blood of shark contained very large red-corpuscle and its number, hematocrit value, hemoglobin content were very few. The platelet and white-corpuscle of fish-blood was very unstable.
The polimorphy was most numerous in the white-corpuscle, basiphils wanting in many fishes.
The morphological property of fish-blood was more primitive than that of human, and the shark-blood had peculiarity in many respects.View full abstractDownload PDF (345K) -
On the Elements of Blood Coagulation and Coagulation TimeKaname SAITO1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1139-1143
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author studied on the coagulation element and time of fish-blood.
The results were summarized in Table 1-2 and by these studies following phenomena were observed.
The blood of fish was shown about one minute for perfect coagulation and it was remarkably shorter than that of human. In shark, partial coagulation was shown from seven to ten minutes and after that separation of corpuscle and plasma happens. It was judged as a reason of this phenomena that shark's hematocrit value was very few.
The Ca content of fish blood was greater than that of human, but prothrombin and throm-boplastin-index was smaller, and especially their existence in shark was doubtful.
Judging from the result, it may be said that Ca has a most effective action among the coagulation elements in fish-blood.
The blood of fish contained few platelet than that of human, basiphils wanting in many fishes and these facts will be connected with coagulation of fish-blood.
Generally speaking, mechanism of fish-blood is more primitive than that of mammzl for coagulation.View full abstractDownload PDF (367K) -
Behavior of Sardines When Attacked by DolphinsAtsushi OWATARI, Shigemori MATSUMOTO, Yukio KIMURA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1144-1149
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA series of field tests has been carried out at a fishing ground (Fig. 1) to obtain schooling behavior of sardines gathering under a fishing lamp and their reaction when they were attacked on by dolphins, which are often the cause of fishermen's failure in catching sufficient amounts of fish.
Plotted on Figs. 2 to 10 are images of sardines and dolphins recorded by a fish-detector. Each small spot near the surface represents an individual of dolphin, while a cloudy shadow is the reflection from a sardine school. Judging from these results we may presume that the sardine would escape very rapidly from an approaching shadow of the dolphin, and that the dolphin do not likely to swim deeper than 40 meters at any time as far as the present findings are concerned.View full abstractDownload PDF (4049K) -
On the Rapid MethodFuyuo OTA, Zentaro OSHIRO1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1150-1153
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSom experiments were carried out to make quicker and easier the method for measuring ammonia in fish meat, which was reported previously by one of us.
As a result, the following was found out:-
1) The instrument, which was specially devised by us to simplify the process of weighing the fish meat, proved very suitable for the present purpose.
2) Some precautions on the preparation and use of the reagents for the determination were shown.
3) By shaking vigorously with water for about one minute, ammonia was completely extracted from fish meat.
4) Mixture of potassium bichromate and cobaltous nitrate was suitable as a standard color solution for the visual measurement of color intensity in Nessler's method.
Analytical procedure, thus, was led as below:- Five grams of finely minced fish meat was taken with the above described instrument and extracted with 10 volumes of water by vigorous shaking by hand for about one minute and filtered through a gauze or a cotton cloth. To 10cc. of the extract was added 2.5cc. of 15% sulphosalicylic acid containing 5% of sulphuric acid and 1.5g. of active carbon, and then it was filtered after being adequately mixed up.
To 1.0cc. of the filtrate taken in the colorimetric tube was added 4.8cc. of the mixture of 1.2% sodium hydroxide with 4.2% Rochelle salt (1:1) and further to the mixed solution was added 0.2cc. of Nessler's reagent. Color-intensity was immediately compared with the standard color solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (279K) -
Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride Solution through Alternating CurrentWataru SIMIDU, Sôitiro NIKAIDO1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1154-1156
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs various substances developed from sodium chloride in food when alternating current by means of which a certain food being to sterilize is transmitted to it, will take part in sterilization of the food and affect to our health as well, we first began with observation of the substances in h ?? electrolytic solution of sodium chloride. As a result of our experiment it has been found that only a small amount of sodium chlorate remained in the solution instead of sodium hypochlorite. It seems to us to be a secondary electrolytic product of sodium chloride which serves as the bactericide accompanying with its antecedents which will develope momentarily in the solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (145K) -
Anadara subcrenata (Lischke)Yataro TANAKA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1157-1160
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe results of my work concerning the spawning season of Anadara subcrenata in Ariake Bay were summarized as follows:-
1. The spawning season of Anadara lasted for about 4 months from the middle of June to the middle of October in Ariake Bay.
2. The clam seems to discharge the reproductive substances at the sea temperature higher than about 23°C.
3. The major spawning period is restricted in a period from the end of July to the middle of August, at that time sea temperature was 26-30°C.
4. The matured ovum is deep orange in color, measured 62-73μ in diameter.
5. The spermatozoon has a globular head and a long tail, measuring 42μ in length.View full abstractDownload PDF (202K) -
Ostrea rivularis Gould and O. gigas ThunbergYataro TANAKA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1161-1164
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The spawning seasons of Ostrea rivularis and O. gigas were determined by examining their body weight, maturation of gonads and discharge of the reproductive substances.
2. The spawning seasons of these two oysters do not cover well one another.
3. The spawning season of O. rivularis ranges from late May to early September. There are 3 major spawning periods during this season, (a) early June, (b) from late June to early July and (c) from the beginning to the middle of August.
4. O. gigas spawns from early May to early November. During this season there are 4 major periods of spawning; (a) from late May to early June, (b) middle of July, (c) from late August to early September and (d) late September.View full abstractDownload PDF (215K) -
Venerupis semidecussata (Reeve)Yataro TANAKA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1165-1167
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVenerupis begun to spawn in early March and ceased in early December in 1951, 1952 in Ariake Bay. There are two major periods of spawning during this season; (1) from early to the middle of May and (2) from late October to early November. But the body weight and the number of fat individuals in autumn are lighter and smaller than those in spring.View full abstractDownload PDF (163K) -
Seborrhea Forming Activity of Esters of Fatty Acids with Higher Alcohols upon the Rats. (1)Takashi KANEDA, Hisae SAKURAI1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1168-1175
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccording to the result from experiments on sperm whale oil, the esters of fatty acids with oleyl-, and cetyl alcohol, conducted by Somekawa(2), sperm whale oil and oleyl oleate had seborrhea producing activity upon the rats, but cetyl oleate, oleyl palminate, and hydrogenated sperm whale oil (iodine value 1.22) had no property producing seborrhea.
However, we assumed that higher alcohols which had ester formed with fatty acids, would always become seborrhea-effective on the rats. With this view in mind, we prepared some higher alcohols and their esters with fatty acids in order to reexamine the seborrhea-forming property of these matters to the rats.
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) As it had been already shown by Somekawa, synthetic oleyl oleate showed the seborrhea forming activity to the rats (Table 3).
(2) Moreover, just as we had expected, oleyl stearate, cetyl oleate, octadecyl oleate, and partially reduced products of oleyl oleate, indicated the seborrhea forming activity upon the rats.
(3) After the feeding experiments with oleyl oleate, and oleic acid's ester of partially reduced products of oleyl alcohol (the mixture of oleyl-, and octadecyl alcohol), the rats were put to death to analysis the properties of their body fats.
It can be seen in Table 5 that viscera and meat oil of the administered rats were lower in the saponification value than those of normal rats and contained large amounts of unsaponifiable matter.View full abstractDownload PDF (1703K) -
Shunzo SUTO, Osamu UMEBAYASHI1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1176-1178_1
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA peculiar “perforating disease” was found in Nori culture causing occasionally a heavy loss of crops. The disease appears at first as green spots, which soon decay and make circular perforations with green border. The disease can be seen through the Nori season, from late in autumn to the early spring, but prevails occasionally in the warm and rainy weather. The cause of the disease has not been decided. It will be a member of pathogenic Mycetozoa or Amoeba.View full abstractDownload PDF (1110K) -
Shunzo SUTO, Osamu UMEBAYASHI1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1179-1182
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAgents, such as NaNO2 and nitrofrazone were found to have the suppressing action on the diseases in Nori culture. In the laboratory the agents inhibited growth and reproduction of the pathogenic fungi in the concentration harmless to the Porphyra fronds. In the field the agents were sprayed to the Nori collectors exposed at low tide. The treatment seemed to control the prevailing of the diseases and to reduce the loss of crops.View full abstractDownload PDF (218K) -
A Study on the ChopperJuichiro J. MATSUMOTO, Jun'ichiro SAGARA, Tomiko ARAI1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1183-1188
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIf there is an objective method to determine the grade of fineness of chopped meat, it will be useful for improving the mechanism of chopper. Two methods proposed by the authors were based on a phenomenon that, if the shark meat was shaken vigorously with 1 per cent formalin solution, it gave rise, after thirty minutes standing, to a characteristic pattern composed of three layers: thus a cloudy suspension settled down in the bottom; a mass of tissues floating up near the surface; and a slightly opaque solution looked, as it were the intermediary layer (Fig. 1). Upon examination, the floating one seemed to be made of the structural tissues which have escaped from smashing.
In the first methcd, measurement of coarseness of tissue, the upper layer was spread over in a Petri's dish, and the number of tissue fibers larger than 5mm. was reckoned by the aid of a section-paper of 5mm. unit.
In the second of the tests, suspending method, it has been made use of the fact that the finer the meat is chopped, the less the tissues would float on the surface just as the thicker the sediment became (Fig. 1)
To confirm the validity of these estimations, various kinds of chopping con ition were applied independently and/or in combination (Tables 1 and 3). Thus the second method proved to agree with the first one which has come from direct inspection of the tissue and it was found that the volume of bottom would be better chosen for the criterion (Fig. 2). The suspending method, though it was conducted on nothing but an empirical basis, was found to have advantage of the other because of its simplicity.
When the same method was applied to minced squid meat, it brought forth a different pattern from hat of shark meat, though a similar treatment with some modifications may be successful. (Table 4).View full abstractDownload PDF (386K) -
Hideaki TAKANO1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1189-1196
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHachijô Island, one of the Zunan Group (or Izu Islands), is located at lat. 33° 02'-09' N and long. 139°43'-52' E, 157 miles south of Tôkyô, just exposed to the great warm current, “Kuroshiwo.”
The plankton materials dealt with here are those collected five times in the coastal waters beyond the breakwater, nine times at the beach, and twice in the tide pools of the island, covering the years 1950, 1951, and 1952. All were collected by means of plankton net of ordinary type, made of bolting cloth of 128 meshes a linear inch.View full abstractDownload PDF (412K) -
Hideaki TAKANO1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1197-1199
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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The Vitamin B12 of the Starfish (1)Masaaki YANASE1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1200-1202
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPredatory activity of the yellow starfish, Asterias amurensis versicolor Sladen, has teen so rampant in clam culture grounds in the Tokyo Bay that commercial harvest of clams for the present season and in the future has been seriously threatened. In the course of investigating the situation, attention has been attracted to the vitamin B12 contents of the asteriod which was expected to be as high as its food, shell-fish, in view of knowledge obtair. d p eviously1).
Of numbers of individuals collected from the invaded area in February and March, 1954 the samples which were apparently in a medium size presented the weight by anatomical parts as shown in Table 1. The vitamin B12 contents have been determined by microbiological assay using Euglena as the test organism. As the result it has been revealed that the viscera, and especially the pyloric caecum, contain vitamin B12 by far more than those of other marine animals, except ?? few cases, reporte1 in the preceding papers1) (Table 2).
Since vitamin B12 can be easily extracted from the starfish by enzymic digestion, as has been demonstrated (Table 3), it is suggested that this echinoderm may be utilized as a potential source of vitamin B12 for human consumption as well as for feeding of livestock, providing an adequate mcthcd for industrial prccessing is established. And such utilization, if avilable on industrial scales, will have an effect, at the same time, to alleviate depredation of the starfish upon commercially important shell-fish in the area.View full abstractDownload PDF (162K) -
Swelling of Shark Skin (1)Toyo-o TAKAHASHI1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1203-1218
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe swelling of skin, which plays a significant role in the preservation of skins and leather manufacture, was studied with the shark skin, an important raw material of marine leather. The present work deals particularly with the swelling of shark skins in acid solutions and with the dissolution of nitroge ?? ous matters the latter of which seems to serve as an index of the decomposition of hide matter.
Results obtained are as follows:
(1) In HCl solution, as the pH value decreased below 3.5-5, the shark skin became increasingly swollen. It seems that the pH value fluctuates depending on the history and/of nature of an individual skin, while it generally increases with the decrease of freshness in the skin (cf. Fig. 2).
(2) In shark skin, the swelling and the soluble nitrogen abrurtly increased at a pH vale below about 3 (cf. Fig. 3).
(3) In each solution of either HCl, H2SO4, or H3PO4, the maximum swelling of shark skin was observed at a pH value of about 2, and at that time the skin was considerably decomposed. The shark skin had the same aspect at pH 0.3-0.4 as in water, but with decreasing pH value it lost its weight. In the range of pH 0.3-3.5, the amount of soluble nitrogen vs. the pH value of the solution ran in parallel to the degree of swelling vs. the pH value. Below pH 0.3, the soluble nitrogen rapidly increased, and the skin weight decreased (cf. Figs. 4-7).
(4) The effects of HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, and CH3COOH at the same pH values on the swelling of shark skins are in the following order, CH3COOH>HCl ?? H3PO4>H2SO4. The functions of acetic acid on the swelling and dissolution of shark skin were different from those of the others (cf. Figs. 4-7).
(5) The cattle hide became increasingly swollen at pH values below about 4 and attained the maximum swelling at the pH value of about 2.5, but even at this point only a small amount of the soluble nitrogen could be detected (cf. Fig. 8).
(6) Comparing the swelling of skins of carp, wild goldfish, shark. and rabbit with their natural thickness, the degree of swelling was found highest with the first two. Shark skins in acid solution swelled much more than cattle hide splitted to the thickness of the former (cf. Table 3). The skin of ground shark (Carcharinus japonica) swelled in an acid solution as much as those of great blue shark (Prionace glaucus) and bomto shark (Isurus glaucus). But the amount of nitrogen dissolved from the former was much smaller than those from the latters (cf. Table 5).
From the results obtained above, it may be concluded that the fish skin swells and dissolves in the acid solution much more than cattle hide. The extents in the swellin gand dissolution are likely influenced by the histological difference in animal skins, i.e. fish skin is made of a simple structure, and cattle hide made of an entangled fiber structure.View full abstractDownload PDF (1217K) -
Manabu KITAMIKADO, Haruo TANAKA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1219-1222
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe liver protein and the soap produced by adding sodium hydroxide to free fatty acid act as the emulsifier in the alkali-digestion process. The formation of emulsicn retards not only the extraction of vitamin A but also the recovery of liver oil.
Accordingly, in this paper the prevention of emulsifing has teen ccnsidered after the studies of the colloidal property of the liver protein and formed soap.
When oil is separated from the solution containing protein soap and, the concentration of protein must be kept lower than 6%, that of soap than 9%, pH value of the solution than 9.5, and the temperature higher than 70°C.
In the case of the liver containing a great deal of protein and free fatty acid, the process of alkali-digestion will be more effectively carried out in 0.2 mol sodium chloride solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (206K) -
Manabu KITAMIKADO, Haruo TANAKA1954 Volume 19 Issue 12 Pages 1223-1225
Published: April 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe refined liver oil was obtained far lees by extracting the oil containing F. F. A. with ether and refining it with alkali than when the oil not containing F. F. A. was recovered by alkali digestion process. In the alkali digestion process the loss of refined oil seemed to be prevented by the existence of digestod protein.
Accordingly, the author added the liver oil containing ?? great deal of F. F. A. to the fish liver digested with alkali, and obtained a most desirable recovery of refined oil.View full abstractDownload PDF (163K)
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