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20 巻, 4 号
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小倉 通男1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 259-262
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーOf a trawl net (Figs. 1 and 2) to be operated at any depth of Sea, the figure of net and the tension of warp are observed with its model in various speed of dragging (Figs. 3, 4, 5 and 6).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (200K) -
体長組成について田中 昌一1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 263-267
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIf an observed length of fish is affected by error of mcasurement, the frequency distribution obtained would be deformed from the original one. The relation between observed length χ and exact length ξ may be assumed to be χ=ξ+δ, and also the distribution of error δ may be assumed to be normal with a constant variance of σE2. Then the expected frequency curve obtained from the observation would be given by the formula (4). Three types of distribution chosen here as examples are normal, exponential and rectangular. In the normal type, no bias appears except for an increase in Variance by σE2. On the contrary, in the exponential and rectangular types, considerable biases are introduced by the error. However, when compared with the sampling variance, the biases, are not so serious that the effect may be negligible for practical uses.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (246K) -
Sueo M. SHIINO1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 268-272
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーSince I reported, in two of my previous papers*, the infection of Caligus epinepheli YAMAGUTI and C. latigenitalis SHIINO on the gilthead, Sparus macrocephalus (BASILEWSKY), a third species has been discovered on the same host. This parasite is believed, with all probabilities, referable to C. dieuzeidei BRIAN which has been known to occur in the Mediterranean on Diplopodus sagus L.**抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (289K) -
稀釋海水中に於ける介體液の氷点降下度に就いて川本 信之1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 273-276
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe author has studied the effect of diluted sea waters on the body fluids of pearl oysters by measuring the freezing point depressions of them in the various conditions.
The shells which in the more concentrated sea water of sp. gr. 1.0070 opend first, after an immersion period of 48-49 hours in such water while those in the less concentrated sea waters of sp. gr. 1.0050 or 1.0030 never open their shells in the course of the experiments. To ascertain why the shells in the most concentrated sea water opened first, the writer measured the freezing point depression of the body fluids of pearl oysters kept under various conditions and concluded that the pearl oysters in the water of 1.0070 sp. gr. opened their shells without knowing the influence of low osmotic pressure as the stimulation of such diluted sea water may be comparatively small and will be injured, but the shells which are suddenly put into the more diluted sea waters can avoid injuries by closing their shells tightly as the stimulation of such very different waters may be severe to the shell and will be alived.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (246K) -
安田 治三郎, 浜井 生三, 堀田 秀之1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 277-279
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe spawning in Venerupis phillipinarum occurs twice a year, viz. in spring and autumn though the population maturity rate, defined by R=(n1A+n2B+n3C)/(n1+n2+n2), where n1 n2 and n3 are the numbers of individuals classified by degree of maturity of individual gonad with scores A=1, B=1/2 and C=0 respectively shons local divergence in season and magnitude. Results of culculation are as follows. (showing maximum value of R and its season.
However, whether the vernal and autumnal spawnings are due to the same population or two different populations, remains to be solved in future抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (203K) -
硫酸銅の生育抑制作用多賀 信夫1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 280-285
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn 1943, WARSMAN described the effect of copper upon the development of bacteria in sea water, and he isolated the specific ”copper bacteria” that had a definite affinity for copper from sea water and surface film. The present author studied on the bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal effect of the various concentrations of copper sulfate upon the development of marine bacterial community in sea water. The results of the investigation is summerized as follows :
(1) When the copper sulfate dissolved into the crude sea water, the develelopment of marine bacteria was completely depressed in the conentration of 500ppm. within three days. The addition of lesser amounts of copper sulfate than 200ppm., however, retarded the bacterial development for only one or two days, and then this depressing effect was overcome after three days and the rapid development of bacteria resulted. (Table 1, 2)
(2) On the other hand, the addition of copper sulfate to the Reuszer's medium had the bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal effect upon the most of marine bacterial strains in the concentration of 300ppm.. The specific ”copper bacteria” isolated from sea water of Aburatsubo Bay, however, develop-ed well in 400ppm.. (Table 3, 4, 5) It might be suggested that the ”copper bacteria” tolerate fairly well against copper, and as to the other strains, the Gram-negative strains seem to be slightly stronger than the Gram-positive ones, and among those the agar-digesting strains slightly weaker than the other Gram-negative ones.
(3) The addition of copper sulfate to the sea water medium influenced upon the viability of marine bacterial strains ; as to the most of them, they seemed to be weakened to one-third of the normal condition in the concentration of 200ppm., while as to the ”copper bacteria” to two-thirds in 200ppm., and to one-sixth even in 400ppm.. (Table 6)抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (393K) -
長倉 克男1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 286-287
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe yellow pigments extracted from the basis of the caudal fin of saury, Cololabis saira, have been examined.
Considering their solubilities in solvents, and the colour reactions by acids, the pigments are supposed to belong to carotenoids. From the unsaponifiable part, three pigments were separated by means of chromatography on alumina, and the absorption spectra of the solutions in n-hexane were measured, and the results shown in Table 2 and Table 3 were obtained.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (118K) -
ナフテン酸金属塩による漁網の防腐福田 博業, 樋口 俊昭1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 288-291
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーAntiseptic treatments of fishing cotton yarns with the Cu-naphthenate and other metallic salts of naphthenic acid were carried on by two bath method : firstly treated with 1, 5, 10, 20, or 50% soln. of naphthenic acid in 0.5-1% ammonia and then dipped in 5% soln. of metallic salts, such as Cu, Hg, Zn, Al salts. Effectivness of these treatments are shown in Fig. 1-4 and Table 1. and summarized as follows :
Hg and Cu-naphthenates are most effective, and practically 10-20% solns. of naphthenic acid in the 1% ammonia were applied to the yarn, and nextly fixed in the 5% metallic salt soln. Application of Cu-naphthenate, accompanied by Cu2O, is more effective than the simple treatment with Cu-naphthenate.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (215K) -
品評結果と測定値志水 寛, 清水 亘, 池内 常郎1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 292-294
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe quality of the Kamabokos which were participated in an exhibition was compared with reference to the jelly-strength between judgment by the human senses and that measured with our gelometer (1). And the results obtained were found to be good agreement with each other.
Some discrepancies of the results between the, professional judges and our laboratory workers appear to be largely due to the damage of the goods owing to the lapse of time for transportation during the arrival to our laboratory from the exhibition. The discrepancies of the results between the judgment by the senses and the figure measured with the gelometer appear to be partly due to the difference in the way of pulling out of samples either from length or from width. These discrepancies have been generally found among the goods of poor qualities.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (146K) -
塩類の影響(その1)志水 寛, 清水 亘, 池内 常郎1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 295-297
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーWe heve studied on the influence of three kinds of alkali-metal chloride on the jelly-strength of the kamaboko. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
(1) The jelly-strength becomes larger with the increase of the concentration of these salts, although the value more or less fluctuates as shown in the accompaning figures ; the value, however, decreases when the concentration of the salts exceeds about 1.8 molars.
(2) The tenderness of the kamaboko seems to be increase accompanied by the increase of the jelly-strength.
(3) It is most probable that the jelly-strength arises in intensity with the increase of the solubility in the salt solutions of the protein in the material fishes.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (136K) -
数種魚類の腐敗の比較(1)清水 亘, 日引 重幸1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 298-301
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーWe have studied on the process of the spoiling of several kinds of fish, and obtained the results shown as follows:
(1) The histamine was produced in large amount in the early stage of the putrefaction in the mackerel, and yet the judgment of the initial stage of the spoiling by means of our senses seemed to be difficult.
(2) In the yellow-tail, although the initial stage of the spoiling was difficult to ascertain as well, the development of the histamine was comparatively small in amount.
(3) The trimethylamine was produced so large in amount in the saurel in the early stage of the spoiling that the spoiling of this fish was found to be easily judged.
(4) The putrefaction of Uranoscopus was found to proceed very slowly, and the histamine was not found to be produced,抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (231K) -
魚種による腐敗の相違(2)清水 亘, 日引 重幸1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 302-304
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーContinuing from the last report, we have studied on the process of putrefaction of the minced muscle of Various fishes. It is generally said that the mackerel is apt to be more easily spoiled and causes ptomaine poisoning more occaisionally than the yellowtail. But, when these minced muscles had been stored at same temperature, any difference between these muscles has been scarcely found in the decomposed substances. We have therefore regarded that the difference of easiness in patre-faction between these fishes should be due to the physical properties of these muscular tissues.
The minced muscle of the sardine and the bonito has been seemed to us to be similar to the formers in the manner of putrefaction. However, we have observed that there has been a little variation especially in the quantity of histamine in accordance with the time elapsed when the experiment began after catching fishes. It would seem to be a question concerning with the contamination of bacteria. In the same manner, the histamine was found to be developed in a small amount in winter, even in the fish muscle stored at the same temperature as in the case of other seasons, probably owing to a minor existence of histamine producing bacteria in winter.
It was found that in the crab meat, the development of volatile base was very large in amount, while the histamine was scarcely produced.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (205K) -
ニトロアニリン酸によるグリシンの定量清水 亘, 藤田 真夫, 遠藤 金次1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 305-307
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーWe have designated the method determining the glycine in the muscle extractives by the nitroanilic acid following in TOWN1) and MACRA and PLIMMER2). We have found in the first place that the glycine nitroanilate should be treated with over 90per cent of alcohol at below 5°C. to absolutely precipitate it (see Figure and Table 1). Although the ancient authors have used the barium chloride to free the glycine from the nitroanilate in the aqueous solution, the barium nitroanilate was found to be dissolved such quantity in water as the value of the glycine nitrogen was too much appreciated. We have, therefore, decomposed the nitroanilate by means of the active carbon through which the glycine was flowed out in the free form from the anilate.
It has been reported that the histidine, which is also precipitated with the nitroanilic acid3), is difficult to remove entirely from the solution by the phosphotungstic acid4), but it has been found recently5) that the histidine picrate is absorbable in the active carbon in accompany with the picric acid. We have, therefore, adopted this method to isolate the histidine from the glycine solution.
The resulted method for determination of the glycine in the muscle extractives is shown in the last part of this paper.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (187K) -
魚類筋肉中のへモグロビン,ミオグロビン及びチトクロームの定量松浦 文雄, 橋本 周久1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 308-312
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーQuantitave estimation of the amounts of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome c in the red and the ordinary muscles of fishes was made, using the pyridine-hemochromogen method of de Duvet5) for hemoglobin together with myoglobin, the method of Drabkin7) for myoglobin and the method of Rosenthal and Drabkin14) for cytochrome c respectively. Results obtained were tabulated in Table 1.
In general, the red muscles were found to be considerably richer in these pigments than the ordinary muscles. Particularly the deep-seated red muscle, which is found in fishes such as tunny and bonito, contained a surprisingly large amount of myoglobin, from 1 to 2% on a wet basis.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (330K) -
坐りの判定及び比較の方法梅本 滋, 岡田 稔, 右田 正男1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 313-318
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーSetting phenomenon of fish meat remarkably differs from species to species. We have often experienced the facts which suggest the possibility to pursure the biological characteristics of fish meat, that is, the variation according to species, sex, season and fishing ground etc. For this purpose, however, it is necessary to evaluate and compare exactly the characteristics of the set meat and setting ability of fish meat. As for the method, organoleptical tests can not be excluded because of the reason previously discussed.2) A method for comparing the setting ability of fish meat mainly on the basis of sensory test has been established by examining various factors which exert influences on the setting phenomenon.
Materials
Concentration of the sample meat; meat:water=2:1
Added salts; KSCN (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, moles); KNO3 (0.5 mole);
KCl (0.5 mole); K2SO4 (0.5 mole)
Concentration of salt is expressed in moles of salt solutions resulting when the added salts are assu-med to be dissolved completely in water in the meat paste.
Procedure
Eight different kinds of meat pastes are prepared by grinding the sample with each salt respectively and kept at 20°C for 15-20 hours. Then the grade of jellification is estimated organolep-tically according to the scale (table 1) previously fixed, and on, the other hand, jelly strength is determined by agelometer.
Evaluation
The jellification grade and jelly strength are plotted separately with the added salt as show nin Fig. 2. From the type of the two curves we can group setting ability of fish meat into three grades, namely strong, medium, and weak. In fish meat with strong setting ability a high peak is observed in the lower curve (jellification grade-added salt curve) and a minimum in the upper curve (jelly strength-added salt curve), while fish meat with weak setting ability gives low peak and no minimum in the diagram.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (405K) -
野中 順三九1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 319-322
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn this paper, on the ground of his experimental attainments as below, the auther claims that the usual permanent discoloration of aero-oxidized oleic acid is nothing, but the discoloration of acid carbonyl compounds, i.e., aldehydic- or ketonic-acids, as a constituent of the so-called oxidized acids born in the oleic acid.
Namely, to be mentioned in the first place, the author, fractionating the oxidized acids isolated from oleic acid having already suffered the advanced discolorarion, found that the constituents which were strongly colored in dark brown belonged solely to the fraction of carbonylic property, while as for the color tone of the non-carbonylic fractions hydroxylic acids were colorless and the remainder were found to be but of light orangish yellow.
In providing another support for his assertion, the author fractionated on the other hand oleic acid which had been oxidized to some extent but remained still prior to discoloration into fractions consisting respectively of non-carbonyl compounds, neutral carbonyl compounds, and acid carbonyl compounds; he examined the color development of these fractions after the routine procedure and confirmed that only the acid carbonyl compounds were possible to yield stably colored materials.
Finally, by means of 2, 4- dinitrophylhenydrazine it has been verified paper- chromatographically that azelaic acid half aldehyde and 9, 10- diketostearic acid exist actually in the acid carbonly fracion of oleic acid autoxidized in air. The details of the work, however, will be described in a succeeding paper.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (292K) -
ヨロイザメ科(Dalatiidae)肝油の炭化水素含量について東 秀雄, 金子 徳五郎, 杉井 麒三郎1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 323-327
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe present paper deals with chemical analysis of the liver oil of sharks belonging to Dalatiidae which are “yoroizame”, Dalatias licha, “ondenzame”, Somniosus pacificus and “kaeruzame”, Heteroscymnus longus.
Shown in Tables 1, 3 and 5 are date of fishing, fishing area and major morphometric characters of these sharks.
In Dalatias used for the study, the weight of the liver averaged about 20% of the body weight, and the oil content of the liver was similar to those of the sharks reported previously1), 2), 3). However, the liver weight and the oil content in the livers of two other species were less than those of Dalatias (Table 2, 4 and 6).
The hydrocarbon content in the liver of Dalatias was found the highest of these species and followed by these of Heteroscymnus and Somniosus in this order.
The relation of the unsaponifiable matter content and the hydrocarbon content of the liver oil in Dalatias is proportional as in the the case with the sharks studied on the previous occasions. But the hydrocarbon of the liver oil from Heteroscymnus is remarkably lower in amount than the unsaponifiable matter content in the same sample. The case is the same with Somniosus (Fig. 1).
The liver oil of Heteroscymnus and Somniosus have a great amount of vitamin A, detail of which will be reported in the near future.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (635K) -
加工油の分子蒸溜東 秀雄, 新間 彌一郎, 衣卷 豊輔1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 328-336
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe purpose of this work is to establish the foundation for preparating vitamin A concentrate or vitamin A itself from fish liver or visceral oil on an industrial scale.
The present report deals with a study on the molecular distillation of modified oil. Where the word “modified” is defined as any treatment which changes the composition and properties of oil. Three different treatments used for the study are interesterification proposed by E. W. ECKEY, transesterification and selective esterification.
The results obtained are as follows.
a) In the case of the distillation of interesterified oil, yield of distilled oil at a low temperature increases, and vitamin A is a littel difficult to be distilled as compared with that of unmodified oil. The rate of concentration of vitamin A is lower than that of unmodied oil (tables 1, 4 and figure 1).
b) In the distilllation of completely transesterified oil with methanol, vitamin A remains in the residue after a greater part of methyl esters is distilled. But the rate of concentration is by far lower than that of unmodified oil, because a fair portion of vitamin A is distilled with methyl esters. This phenomenon is due to a fact that in the transesterification, vitamin A ester contained in natural liver oil chages to vitamin A alcohol which is distilled at a lower temperature (tables 1, 5, 6 and figure 1).
c) Condition of selective esterification under which 80 to 90per cent of vitamin A remains in ester form, while glycerides are esterified as much as possible, is studied (figure 2).
This condition is obtained by regurating the amount of sodium methoxyde as catalyst, volume of methanol, time of reaction and temperature.
When selectively esterified oil is used, it is possible to distil methyl esters which contain practically no vitamin A. Accordingly, the rate of concentration of vitamin A by this method is always much higher than that by unselective esterification described in paragraph b and sometimes higer than the rate concentraitng from unmodified oil (tables 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 and figure 1).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (685K) -
鹸化法によるビタミンAの濃縮(その1)高橋法の追試新間 彌一郎, 衣卷 豊輔1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 337-343
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn view of the recent remarkable progress in synthetic manufacturing of vitamin A, it is urgently needed to study procedures for extracting from fish liver oil pure vitamin A or vitamin A concentrate which is as much odourless and tasteless as possible. Because it is felt that the time will not be long before the fish liver oil produced in Japan losses its oversea market, unless such a study as stated above brings forth a successful result applicable to the industrial scale. However, few efforts have been paid in this direction here in this country since TAKAHASHI reported his methods for vitamin A extraction in 1925. Having closely examined two of TAKAHASHI's methods (B and C), we came to the conclusion that they are to much defective to be used for preparing from fish liver oil vitamin A concentrate which is comparable with synthetic vitamin A in quality as well as in cost.
In TAKAHASHI's method B, vitamin A in the saponified solution is to be concentrated when a large part of fatty acids is separated as alkali soap after adding aceton to the alcoholic solution; in the method C, fatty acids are separated as insoluble soap by adding metalic salts such as Ca, Ba, or Sr to concetrate vitamin A into organic solvent such as alcohol.
The results obtained from the experiments are as follows.
a) In TAKAHASHI's method B, extraction of vitamin A is almost completely performed, but soap of highly unsaturated acids can not be separated. Consequently, vitamin A thus extracted is lower in the rate of concentration than that of usual ether extraction (table 2).
b) The recovery rate of vitamin A in the method C is not so perfect as that in the method B, and the mixed soap is greater in amount than in the ether extraction (table 3, 4 and figure 1).
c) Precipitated calcium soap in the method C has contained a considerable amount of vitamin A. The fact seems to suggest that vitamin A may not be extracted as throughly as one intends, even if the extraction is performed after boiling the soap with alcohol. Moreover, vita-min A potency in the extract by this treatment is lower than that of the first extract (table 5).
d) Method C using methanol, ethanol or benzene-methanol mixture is also examined. Vitamin A recovery by this method is lower than that of usual ether extraction (table 6).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (475K) -
田村 保, 板沢 靖男, 森田 良美1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 344-349
発行日: 1954/08/25
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーRiver water polluted by the wastes of two sulphate paper mills-the one T. Mill situated on the River Sin and the other 0. Mill on the River Syonai-was examined chemically and biologically.
In the case of T. Mill, the harmful effect of the waste on the fishery in the Sin was considerable, but in the case of O. Mill, it was not so much, because the Syonai gets enough affluent water to dilute the waste. Yet in the latter, we could clearly recognize differences of chemical properties of the river water before and after the mill came into operation.
According to our examination the pollution by the sulphate paper mill waste may be detrimental to fish life in foilowing ways ; (1) by depleting the dissolved oxygen and suffocating fish, (2) by direct poisoning or killing of fish by toxic substances. The polluted river water brought forth a very bad taste and odour to the fish in the large area and made them of no use for human food. This ill-effect was the most serious, among others, for fishery.
To get rid of those ill-effects, we consider that sedimentation and filtration of sulphate soap and other suspending matters, and oxidizing of the waste may be effective.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (390K) -
1954 年 20 巻 4 号 p. 352
発行日: 1954年
公開日: 2008/04/22
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (35K)
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