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Volume 24, Issue 11
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Toshikazu HOSHINA1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 881-884
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe tissue concentrations of sulfamerazine given at the rate of 20 milligrams per 100 grams of fish per day were examined. The fishes weighing on the average 95.6 grams were kept in a concrete-pond and fed once a day with the drug-containing food at the rate of 10% of the fish-weight per day. The water-temperature was 27.5-33.4°C, average 30°C during the experiments.
The treatment was continued for five successive days and the determinations were made with the composite samples of two fishes each, on the first to seventh day after the commencement of the treatment. The results (Table 1 and Fig. 1) showed the similar tendency to that of trout, which had been reported by SNIESZKO and FRIDDLE (1951).
The blood concentrations of thiasin, sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine were measured in eels which received the intramuscular injection or oral administration of one dose of the drugs at the rate of preceding experiments. The results obtained are presented in Table 2.View full abstractDownload PDF (289K) -
Katuji HONDA1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 885-887
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe samples of net disused after their usage in purse seine fishings were obtained from various fishing ports and examined of their properties in order to formulate the knowledges about the safty limit of their utility taking into account of the peculiarities in the disposition of the net as well as the circumstances in which the net is used. (Table 1)
The mesh sizes of the nets being already out of use are shown in Table 2.
The knot strength was adopted on this occasion as the measure of netting strength. To determine the knot strength each two of the four arms around a knot were gathered and streached by a tensile tester.
Now, if minimum strength allowable for netting of purse seine is denoted by Tu, we get the following equation:
Tu=κDB2
where the various letters have the following meanings respectively: κ, constant number; D, diameter of netting thread; B, the greatest depth of net.View full abstractDownload PDF (159K) -
Fumio MITANI1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 888-892
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present paper the writer has discussed the problem as to whether or not the yellowtails found distributed along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula join in the western region off Kyushu with those which migrate along the Japan Sea side of Honshu, based mainly upon the daily records of the yellowtails caught in trap-nets set off the San-in District, the Tsushima Islands and the Goto Islands during the fishing season for the three years from October, 1955 to May, 1958 (Fig. 3).
Larger-sized yellowtails (> class 7) are much caught around the Tsushima Islands early in the season, but it is not so with the other regions in the same season (Figs. 1 and 2). The Islands lie nearer to the Korean Peninsula than to Honshu or Kyushu, and the Tsushima Current, a branch of the Kuroshio Current, flows northeast through the Tsushima Straits, as shown in Fig. 3. Most of the nets for the yellowtails are set in the Islands along their western coast facing to the Peninsula.
It is perhaps too hard for those yellowtails which have been distributed along the Japan Sea side of Honshu to migrate to the Islands across the Tsushima Current, because the fish usually live in the coastal water and migrate in the contact zone of the coastal water with the oceanic current.
Taking these facts into consideration, we can presume that those yellowtails which come in shoals near to the Tsushima Islands belong to the population found off the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. When the Tsushima Current is powerful, as is the case in recent years, it is presumably difficult for those yellowtails which come near to the Tsushima Islands to cross the Tsushima Current and immigrate in the western region off Kyushu to the population along the Japan Sea side of Honshu, and so these two different populations are likely to be separated from each other through the intervention of the Tsushima Current. If the Current were to become weaker in power and the oceanic current were to get mixed with the coastal waters of the Continent of China and the Hwang-Ho River in future, those two different populations of the yellowtails might join to some extent in the western or southeastern region off Kyushu.View full abstractDownload PDF (448K) -
Yoshinori OGAWA, Tatsuro NAZUMI1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 893-895
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors obtained young Atka fishes, Pleurogrammus azonus JORDAN et METZ from the stomach contents of Pink salmon, Oncorhyncus gorbuscha (WALBAUM) which were caught by salmon gill-nets in the offshore of the Sado Island during the 3-5, May, 1958 (Fig. 1).
These specimens were measured from 93 to 124mm. in total length (Table 1 and Fig. 2) and the largest one (124mm.) may be a new recored in size which have been found in the Japan Sea of the north Main Island.View full abstractDownload PDF (370K) -
Rikizo ISHIDA, Yasuo OHOSHIMA1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 896-899
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs is well known, the eggs of Ayu, after being spawned, attach to gravel of stream beds by their adhesive membranes, thus tolerating current action. But little work has been done concerning their adhesive power.
In the present study, the authors attempted to estimate the adhesive power of Ayu eggs by means of two different methods. The first method consisted of determining the critical level of current velocity above which eggs could no longer maintain their position, by exposing sample of eggs attached to the inner wall of small glass tubes to water flows of varying velocites. The second method consisted of picking up sample of eggs adhere to gravel by forceps one by one and measuring the weight of the gravel which could be just raised by being supported by the adhesive membrane.
These two methods gave similar results which were summarized as follows. The adhesive power of Ayu eggs ordinarily lay between 200 and 500 dynes, although they were varied according to spawners and spawning conditions, but not the stage of development of eggs themselves, ranging from 180 to 1345 dynes.
According to the present authors' observations (unpublished), on the other hand, the current velocity in the bottom layer of the spawning bed of Ayu is generally below 40cm. per second. The hydraulic pressure which would be given to the egg by this current velocity is estimated to be less than 500 dynes. Hence, the adhesive power may be said to be well adapted to the surrondings.View full abstractDownload PDF (188K) -
The “Browning” of Canned Crab as Dependant upon the Time of Leaving the Raw Crab without Carapace but UncannedYoshio NAGASAWA1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 900-904
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (295K) -
Lipids of the Body Tissues of Herring, Clupea pallasiiMuneo KATADA, Kôichi ZAMA, Hisanao IGARASHI1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 905-908
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSProcedures for extracting lipids from the muscle were examined. Chloroform/methanol (2:1), hot ethanol, ethanol, ethanol/benzene (32:68), and ethanol/ethyl ether (3:1) were found to be suitable to extract various lipids containing sphingolipids from the tissue.
Contents of various lipids in the tissues of herring are shown in Table 3 and 4. Darkcolored muscle and liver were found to contain the lipids at highest concentrations.View full abstractDownload PDF (319K) -
Takashi KANEDA, Hisae SAKAI, Seinosuke ISHII1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 909-912
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen fish or its products are subjected to the gamma radiation for preservation, their taste is often degenerated, and there are reasons to assume that this is caused by changes in chemical properties of oil contained in fish. The aim of the present study is to find out means, if any, to avert the degeneration of the taste in as much as the assumption is proved true. In the experiments conducted for this purpose, the authors have found that when the fatty abdominal meat of tuna is exposed to the gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 isotope (radiation dose 1, 000, 000 r), it shows a dark brown color with an offensive ordor, the oil of the meat turning rancid (Table 2). On the other hand, fish sausages irradiated did not show, despite the presence of an amount of fat, any remarkable changes as to palatability (Table 3 and 4).View full abstractDownload PDF (338K) -
Spoilage of Fish in the Presence of CarbohydratesSigeyuki HIBIKI, Wataru SIMIDU1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 913-915
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe spoilage of fish, especially histamine formation in the presence of carbonydrates such as sucrose, glucose, glycogen and starch was investigated.
In the course of spoiling of a minced fish mixed with these carbohydrates, decomposition of histidine and formations of volatile base, trimethylamine and histamine were inhibited being accompanied by a decrease of pH value, while starch only exerted little effect. These effects increased with increasing content of carbohydrate. It is interesting that the histamine formation are inhibited even at lower pH values at which histamine is expected to be accelerated to form5)6).View full abstractDownload PDF (174K) -
Inhibition of Histamine Formation in Spoiling of Cooked Fish and Histidine Content in Various FishesSigeyuki HIBIKI, Wataru SIMIDU1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 916-919
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the course of spoiling of the fish which is packed in the casing, cooked at 85°C. for 2 hours and incubated at 30°C., decrease in pH and formation of vilatile base nitrogen were inhibited by the addition of carbohydrates. Especially histamine was not formed at all. The inhibition of histamine formation was found to be caused by the fact that histamine forming bacteria were killed by heating at above 60°C.
Histidine content of red muscle fishes was shown to be of a quite high value, and in some kinds of fish it is often to be on the level of 1, 000mg per 100g muscle. The content decreases as the color of muscle becomes lighter. Molascs and crustaceas contain much less amount of histidine similarly to white muscle fishes.View full abstractDownload PDF (255K) -
An Examination with ChlortetracyclineKatsumi HIGASHI, Noboru TAKATSUKA, Tadashi TAWARA, Yuichi SASANO, Mich ...1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 920-924
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe form of application of chemical preservatives as carried by ice is conceived to betray in process of thaw a serious fault in availability owing to their heterogeneous distribution, in a strict senese of the word, in a block of ice, even if a precaution has been taken to maintain uniform distribution of the preservatives.
To verify the said conception, a brief experiment was undertaken, using a chlorine free ice loaded with C. T. C. hydrochloride and sometimes with carboxy methyl cellulose (C. M. C.) in addition, under the conditions which were adjusted as closely as possible to those prevailing in an ice-room on board. Concentration drift of C. T. C. was followed-up by submitting the differential melts to bioassay, which came separating from the ice in succession.
Despite of the bulk uniformity of C. T. C. distribution found for a lot of crushed ice (cf. Table 1), C. T. C. concentration in the differential melts obtained in early stage of thaw proved to be higher than the initial bulk concetration in support of the authors' view that a portion of ice locally heavily loaded with C. T. C. is to make the first drainage that departs from the ice. The C. T. C. concentration in successive melts went decreasing by degrees, attaining already to the half of initial bulk concentration when the ice melted by some 40% and finally to about one third in the present conditions of experiment. Additional loading of ice with C. M. C. as protective colloid for securing a fine dispersion of C. T. C. hydrochloride proved to be of little effect on the above tendency of concentration drift, again in favor of the view that the rapid loss of C. T. C. might results from heterogeneous distribution of C. T. C. in the block of ice, for unlike eutectic mixture or solid solution, even the suspension-like distribution of C. T. C. does not make homogeneous composition of ice.
In order to summarize the experimental data, a tentative formula was worked out as follows, which allowed the preservative availability of an ice loaded with C. T. C. to be appraised throughout the cource of thaw:
C=b+a/x<6.8×103
wherein C stands for the concentration of C. T. C. hydrochlorid (ppm) in the differential drainage from thaw at the moment when the thaw has grown up to x percent of initial weight of the ice, a and b being parameters. (In the present experiment, for instance, a=27.0 and b=1.20 for an ice originally loaded with both C. T. C. and C. M. C. by 5 ppm and 15.2 ppm, respectively.).
The so-called C. T. C. ice, may it appear as a happy idea and handy for preservative use, is not actually free from the demerit of being apt to be seriously reduced in availability when the ice is obliged to be reserved long aboard for coming into application on a far distant fishing ground.View full abstractDownload PDF (362K) -
On the Volatile Constituents of Laminaria sp. (2)Teruhisa KATAYAMA1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 925-932
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. A fraction soluble in sodium hydrogen carbonate was submitted to silicagel column chromatography, with methanol as the stationary phase and iso-octane as the mobile phase under a pressure of nitrogen gas. The fatty acids present in each fraction were characterized as their p-bromphenacylesters. The presence of acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, n-caproic, and caprylic acids was thus confirmed.
2. A carbonyl fraction was fractionated by a chromatoplate, followed by a treatment with 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, the benzene extract of each hydrazone band was column-chromatographed. Besides 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of benzaldehyde, nvaleraldehyde, and cis- and transforms of a 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of furfural, reported in the preceding paper1), the 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of α-methylfurfural was also found to occur in cis- and trans-forms which were confirmed by elemental analyses and infrared spectral measurements.
3. A terpene fraction was fractionated with a micro-fractionation apparatus and each was submitted to chromatostrip. From their Rf values, color tones, and pressure-boiling point curves, the presence of furfuryl alcohol, 1:8-cineol, linalool geraniol, and eugenol was revealed. Fraction of b.p.15 40-50°C contained a sulfur compound.View full abstractDownload PDF (2505K) -
Daiichi KAKIMOTO, Akio KANAZAWA1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 933-936
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The total amount of folic acid (FA) and folinic acid (CF) in fish muscle was found to vary from species to species, for example, from 69mγ/gm with white muscle of Seriola purpurascens to 682mγ/gm with red muscle of Cypsilurus agoo (See Table 2).
2. With intestines of Katsuwonus vagans and Scomber tapeinocephalus it was found that the liberation of FA from its conjugated form, presumably through autolysis, is conducted most actively in liver and pyloric coeca, but even in these organs the measured activity does not exceed about 60% of the conjugase activity in hog kidney and chick pancreas.
There was found also a parallelism to hold between the total amount of FA and CF and the activity of organs in liberating these acids.
3. As regards FA content, liver proved to be at the top of the intestines analyzed, while content of CF attained to a maximum with pyloric coeca.
The sum of FA and CF contents was roughly equal between the two organs, being 3 times as high as that in other organs (See Table 3).View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
Tetuo TOMIYAMA, Kunio KOBAYASHI, Yasuo YONE1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 937-942
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe regular bioassay method for determination of chlortetracycline (CTC) residue in tissues1, 2, 3, 4) presents a difficulty when dealt with many samples for the analysis. Experiences have revealed that such procedures are very tedious as washing and drying of many Petri dishes, the preparation of assay medium in each dish and the standard curve for each set of determination.
Attempt has been made, therefore, to simplify the method without sacrificing its accuracy. It was ascertained that routine procedures could be greatly simplified by substituting the Petri dish with glass plate as was reported by GRADY and WILLIAMS1a). It was found that the slope of inhibitory zone size on logarithm of CTC concentration remained constant irrespective of difference in plate and date of the determination. Therefore, the preparation of the standard curve at each determination can be omitted by employing the linear regression line instead when it is calibrated for the difference in zone size for 0.01mcg/cc between the regression line and a sample test plate.View full abstractDownload PDF (479K) -
Juami YAMADA1959 Volume 24 Issue 11 Pages 943-946
Published: 1959
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the adult lamprey, Entosphenus japonicus MARTENS, the potency of vitamin A is found at a very high level in various parts of the body. Among these parts, the alimentary canal, despite it weighing only one per cent of the body, contains the largest or nearly one half of the total vitamin A in the body as reported by Higashi et al.
Curious to know why such a large amount of vitamin A is concentrated in that organ, the author assessed the oil and vitamin A in the tissue as well as the contents of alimentary canal and obtained the following results:
1. Vitamin A in the alimentary canal oil was determined at the levels of 614, 000 and 1, 150.000 I. U. per gram on the sample materials I and II of the mature fish which were caught in a spawning stream of Yamagata Prefecture in February and May 1958, respectively. Perhaps the latter value is the highest of vitamin A ever known on any natural materials. The calculation showed vitamin A of 42, 000 and 327, 000 I. U. per gram of the tissue on the samples I and II. The vitamin A concentration in the alimentary canal contents was assessed at a level much lower than of the tissue (Table 1).
2. A greater part of the vitamin A was found in the ester form with the amount of free form larger in sample II than sample I (Table 3).
3. Nearly 75 per cent of unsaponifiable matter of the alimentary canal tissue consisted of vitamin A, indicating a unique character that has never been observed in vitamin oils from any other species of fish. On the other hand, the unsaponifiable matter in the alimentary canal contents revealed little vitamin A but much sterols (Table 2).
4. A postulation explaining high concentration of vitamin A in the alimentary canal of the lamprey is proposed as follows: When the lamprey return to the fresh water for spawning, they seem to consume more fat and protein than vitamin A which have been stored abundantly in various parts of the body during their sea life. In consequence a portion of vitamin A which becomes exceedingly high beyond a limit acceptable to the tissues of the other organs and muscle, will be transported from these parts to the alimentary canal tissue and then excreted from the tissue to the inside of the canal. In other words, most of vitamin A of the alimentary canal contents do not seem to be the remains of food but those excreted from the canal.View full abstractDownload PDF (248K)
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