巻号一覧
24 巻, 8 号
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田中 二良1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 601-607
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe common octopus, Octopus (Octopus) vulgaris LAMARCK, an important commercial species in Japan, are captured by means of the octopus pot, the hand line and the spear along the east coast of Boso Peninsula, Chiba Pref. (Fig. 1 and Table 1).
The writer has made a biological study of the stock of this animal, using the statistic data of the octopus fisheries and based upon the number of specimens taken in Uchiura Bay near Kominato.
The results obtained are summarized as follows;
(1) It is believed that the octopus stock may be composed of two groups, one inhabiting the coast of Boso Peninsula throughout the year, the other migrating from the north to this district in winter (Figs. 2-5).
(2) The maturation phase of the octopus is shown by the gonad index (R) as given in the following formula;
R=G. W.×102/[B. W.-(G. W.+F. W.)],
where G. W. denotes the gonad weight, F. W. the total weight of digestive organ contents, and B. W. denoting body weight. The relation between gonad index and maturity scale of the female octopus is shown in Table 2.
(3) The breeding season is from March to November, and the biological minimum size is about 40cm in the male, 40-50cm in the female (Fig. 6).
(4) The monthly increase in the rate of body weight deduced from the body composition (Fig. 7 and Table 3) and the length-weight relationship (Fig. 7 and Table 3) is 0.100 during from March to August, 0.180 from June to December.
(5) It may be a reasonable assumption that the immigrant winter group breed during the first breeding season following the migration and that the newly hatched population will increase the available fishing stock from April to July of the following year.
(6) Diminishing rate of the octopus stock is estimated by Dr. Tauti's method (1956) as 1-2% per day, 5-8% five days, 8-9% ten days and 13% per month (Table 4). Moreover, the diminishing rate per month is obtained by another Dr. Tauti's method ('53) as being 11%.
(7) Judging from the diminishing rate caused by fishing, it may be said that the catch efficiency of the octopus pot is greater than that of the hand line.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (500K) -
土井 長之1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 608-612
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーStudies on the Pacific saury Cololabis saira (BREVOORT) mainly caught by stick-held dip nets have cleared some amounts of information of factors pertinent to formation of fishing grounds. But a treatment such as population dynamics has not been attempted for the present species because problems of the age composition or migration have not been solved perfectly till now.
In this report, the author has estimated the parameters of population such as abundance of population, natural and fishing mortality and so on under the assumptions that:
1. Variations of population are expressed as eqn. (1);
2. Natural mortality did not change so largely for recent several years;
3. Fluctuations of recruits are influenced on by oceanographic conditions.
The results of calculation by the trial-and-error method with help of the analogue computer are described as follows:
a. If instantaneous rate of natural mortality μ and efficiency of effort α are equal either to 1.0 and 1/100, 000, or to 0.5 and 1/50, 000, secular variations of catch are interpreted dynamically;
b. In the former situation, rate of exploitation and natural mortality are about 1/4 and 1/2. In the latter, those are 1/2 and 1/4;
c. Survival rate is about 1/4 in each situation.
The assumption 2 described above is felt uncertain. By analysis of biological informations in the survey of fishing grounds, more sufficient conclusions can be derived though calculations will become complicated.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (299K) -
輪紋の不形成現象安田 秀明1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 613-615
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーWith Carassius carassius having been kept for a long time in deficient nutrition, it was found that scale ring formation in such a state never proceeds in a regular manner, the position and the number of rings varying widely according to the site of the scale on body surface.
Structural design appeared not different from only in the central place of scale that of usual regenerated scales but for some cracks radiating to the scale edge. These abnormal scales are considered to growth in a peculiar mechanism, unlike the ordinary regenerated ones, and named by the author as “dissolved scales”.
Comparing the fish body length calculated from the size of scale with the actual body length frequently measured during the lapse of 2-4 years, it was ascertained that the experimental fish did grow in size without any formation of the year ring.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (213K) -
崔 相, 大島 泰雄1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 616-619
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn those habitats where shell growth is almost supressed due to prevailing unfavorable conditions, the little necked clam is rather malformed, thus giving rise to the “stunted” shell. Two groups of stunted little necked clams were obtained from the tidal flat of Ohsaki, Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture. One, called here Type A, consists of shells formerly transplanted to Ohsaki from the adjacent Muro district, and another, Type B, consists of shells native to Ohsaki. Type A of stunted little necked clams had still retained the former form of normally grown shells native to Muro, while Type B was distinguishable from normally grown shells by a rounder curvature of the posterior shell margin and a greater ratio of shell breadth to shell length. In both lots, shells of about 2cm. in length and an estimated age of from two (Type B) to three years (Type A), were transplanted to the clam-bed of Ikawazu, Atsumi Town, in May 1953, and cultured until November for about six months. On the other hand, normally grown little necked clams (about one year of age) native to Ikawazu were used as control. On the basis of the measurements of shell length (L), shell height (H) and shell breadth (B) on transplanting and harvesting, the growth and form of the shell were discussed.
The results of the experiment are as follows:
1) After transplantation, the stunted shells of both lots grew as rapid as the shells which were used as control (Tab. 1, Fig. 1).
2) After being cultured under good condititons for six months, the stunted shells, especially Type B, showed a form of shell with the values of H/L or B/L approached to those of normally grown shells (Fig. 3 & 4).
3) B/L, especially, is a value very significant for the treatment of shell form. In the same age group, the larger values of B/L were observed on ill-grown individuals of both stunted and normally grown shells.
4) The form of shells is largely influenced by environmental conditions of the clam-bed. From the results mentioned in 2) and 3), it is suggested that the form of shells may be used as an indicator of the conditions of the clam-bed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (384K) -
飯高 勇之助1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 620-621
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーPDF形式でダウンロード (85K) -
中込 淳1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 622-625
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリー1) Fishing condition (rate-of-catch) in sub-areas, A, B and C (Fig. 1) changes periodically; in sub-areas A and B good fishing season is from December to February while in sub-area C nice fishing period lasts from December up to June of next year.
2) Fork-length composition (fork-length frequency) in sub-areas A, B, C and D changes periodically (Fig. 3). In sub-areas A and B, young stage fish occupy most of the frequency from December to March in odd years, small-sized fish do so from December to March in even year, and large-sized fish do so from April to November. In sub-areas C and D, medium-sized fish are dominant from July to December and so are large-sized fish from January to June in the body-length formation.
3) Most part of the frequency is occupied by young stage or small-sized fish in period of nice fishing and by large-sized fish in period of poor fishing in sub-areas A and B.
Majority of the frequency is occupied by large-sized fish in period of good fishing in subarea C and by medium-sized fish in period of poor fishing.
4) It is presumed that fish group that has been spawned and has grown in sub-areas C and D is recruited to young stage or small-sized fish groups in sub-areas A and B, young stage or small-sized fish groups in sub-areas A and B are recruited to medium-sized fish group in subareas C and D, and large-sized fish groups in sub-areas A and B and in those C and D interchange with each other.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (235K) -
年令形質としての脊椎骨の検討三谷 文夫1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 626-631
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe present paper is the first installment of the author's work on the age estimation of the yellow tail, Seriola quinqueradiata T. & S., dealing with a fundamental character of the vertebra in estimating the age of the fish. The author has used for his experiments two different groups of 20 fishes measuring 20cm and 80cm in fork length, respectively, which were caught in Wakasa Bay during the period between July, 1957 and January, 1958. The vertebral column of the fish consists of 11 abdominal, and 13 caudal, vertebrae, generally 24 in all.
Each centrum of the column is measured in three parts, as shown in Fig. 1. The results obtained are as follows:
1) In Table 1 are shown the mean and coefficient of variation (C. V.) of the length of those three parts (T, R and D) of each centrum in the 20 fishes measuring 80cm in fork length. As is seen in Table 1, there is no marked difference in coefficient of variation (C. V.) in the sequence of centra, excepting the first and the last several ones which vary considerably. The relative size of each centrum is represented by the ratio of its longitudinal length (T) to that of the first centrum, the ratio being given in Fig. 2. As shown in Fig. 2, it is obvious to us that the centra from the 7th to the 20th vertebra are larger in T and R than those of the rest, particularly so in those of the four caudal vertebrae from the 15th to the 18th, and that there is no marked difference in D among the centra, excepting those of the few smaller vertebrae at the caudal end.
2) Significant difference is seen in the growth-rate of the centrum in the sequence of the vertebra, as shown in Fig. 3. The growth-rate of the centra of the first and the last two or three vertebrae is lower than the average value of all the 24 vertebrae, but the value of the centra in the middle part of the column is higher than the average value, the value of the seven centra from the 13th to the 19th vertebra being especially higher.
3) In order to clarify the degree of similarity in the mode of ring formation among the centra of the fish, the author has examined by means of F-distribution method whether the relation between R and γi is linear or not, and found that the linearity between the two is efficient enough to be a means for the age estimation of the fish. An example of the relation is shown in Fig. 4, in which the last three vertebrae are excluded on account of their being small in size and indistinct in ring mark.
From those interesting facts mentioned above, we may conclusively say that, in estimating the age of a fish in general through its vertebrae, we have to examine as many centra as possible. If it is found very difficult to do so in case of the yellow-tail, those vertebrae from the 15th to the 18th had better be used for the purpose, because they have the following characters, not only advantageous but also necessary for the work of this kind: 1) clear ring mark, 2) large centrum, 3) small coefficient of variation in size of centrum, 4) high growth. rate of centrum, and 5) great similarity of ring mark among the centra.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (431K) -
魚介類のコリン及び類似物質の含量について高田 幸二, 西元 諄一1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 632-635
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーCholine-content was estimated for white and red muscles and viscera of various fishes of migrating and demersal habits, including sharks and cuttle fish. Its seasonal variation was also measured, values fairly characteristic of each fish being obtained.
The amounts of choline and trimethylaminoxide(TMAO) increase generally in winter for demersal fishes and in summer for migrating ones. Decrease of freshness makes the chief cause for the increases of choline and trimethylamine (TMA) in common with different kinds of fishes.
In cuttle fish and sharks, choline and TMAO contents were especially of large values, their rates of change being somewhat remarkable.
Similarly to the case of salt-water fish, the choline content in fresh-water fish increased at first but decreased afterwards with the advance of putrifaction. It is noticed that TMA was formed even in the absence of TMAO, the known mother substance of TMA.
The choline formation in this study was confirmed to be a bacterial doing.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (279K) -
コリンの分解について高田 幸二, 西元 諄一1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 636-639
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーA few experiments were carried out for the original substance of TMA in fish flesh. It was ascertained that, in the case of salt-water fish, formation of TMA in a flesh somewhat degraded in freshness did exceed the value theoretically attributable to the TMAO only, and that in an advanced decomposition state TMA formation attained to a remarkable extent.
Formation of TMA was clearly observed also with fresh-water fish flesh usually free from TMAO. TMA production stood in a close relation with the disappearance of choline. Using a flesh of fresh-water fish added with choline, TMA formation was observed very distinctly. Hence it may well be regarded that at least in fish flesh containing little or no TMAO choline is an important mother body of the TMA.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (237K) -
キンギョ筋肉中のトリメチルアミンオキシドの起源橋本 芳郎, 岡市 友利1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 640-644
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーWhile goldfish were on a TMO-free diet consisting of carp meat and gelatin the muscle was TMO- and TMA-free, but it retained a small amount of the base from the food for a short period. In the muscle of. fish fed the oxide, TMA also appeared later, and this may suggest together with other evidences that some of TMO is reduced to TMA before being excreted. Only TMA formed in the muscle from ingested choline and none of both bases from betaine.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (292K) -
淡水及び汽水中に飼育したウナギ筋肉中の卜リメチルアミンオキシド橋本 芳郎, 岡市 友利1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 645-647
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーOn the origin of TMO in the muscle of eels, a similar result was obtained as that in the previous work on goldfish, and it is again confirmed that TMO in the muscle is of the exogenous origin. The chlorinity of medium had no connection with the retention of the base. The metabolic fate of it in the eel muscle is assumed to be slightly different from that in the goldfish muscle.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (135K) -
普通肉と血含肉のProteolytic activityについて斎藤 要, 鮫島 宗雄1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 648-650
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe proteolytic activities of the extracts of ordinary muscles, dark muscles and other tissues of some fresh fishes were examined. The results obtained were as follows.
1) In each case of this experiment it was ascertained that proteolytic activity of dark muscle was stronger than that of ordinary one, and that the amount of free tyrosine in the process of autolysis of dark muscle increased with far more rapidly than in case of the ordinary one.
2) Compared the activity of ordinary muscle with the activity in pyloric coeca and liver, the activity in the ordinary observed muscle was found to be weak, and the difference due to the variation of the fish-species was hardly noticeable.
3) The phenomenon that-the autolysis proceeds in “red meat fish” more rapidly than in “white meat fish” - may be concerned with the difference in amount of dark muscle having strong proteolytic activity, between both types of fish.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (192K) -
蛋白波に現れる種類差菊池 武昭, 平野 敏行, 師岡 寛, 岡田 郁之助1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 651-655
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe present paper examines the peculiarities of meat extractive reflected in polarographic protein wave for 15 kinds of aquatic animals and reports the mutual ununiformity of aquatic animals in terms of polarographic protein wave. Comparative observations of the wave were made using two kinds of ammoniacal cobaltic solutions respectively containing divalent and trivalent cobalt (Figs. 1-3).
Polarographic characteristics of meat extractives were also studied. The relation between the height of the protein wave and the concentration of protein is shown in Figs. 4-9. With increasing concentration of protein the height of the protein wave increased first proportionally to protein concentration but tended finally to a plateau, i.e., a maximal value.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (287K) -
須山 三千三1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 656-659
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーAs an approach to the biochemical changes occurring in the maturation of fish-eggs, some chemical properties and pH value of rainbow trout eggs were determined at intervals of a month from August to December, i.e., from unmatured stage to matured. The maturity grades of the eggs were estimated by egg-diameter and weight per cent. per total body. These figures and analytical results obtained are shown in Tables 1 and 2, and summarized as follows:
1) Water and non-protein nitrogen contents tended to decrease, while protein nitrogen and ash contents to increase during the maturation.
2) The amount of ether-extractives decreased, to the contrary, the quantities of lipides (alcohol-chloroform-extractives minus ether-extractives) and phosphorus and nitrogen increased.
3) It is interesting that pH values decrease gradually on the acid side, from 6.13 to 5.90, then, turned back to neutral as the maturation advanced and finally grew up to 6.55.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (261K) -
須山 三千三, 金子 光徳, 小俣 秀夫1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 660-662
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーAs reported in the previous paper1), remarkable changes in the contents of ashes, lipides, especially in protein were observed in the course of maturation of rainbow trout eggs. The authors, then, studied the amino acid compositions of protein at different stages of maturity by chromatographic ion exchanger techniques4). The results obtained are shown in Table 1 and summarized as follows:
1) Quantities of alanine, cystine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, and valine were found to increase with the maturation, while those of aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, and threonine tended to decrease.
2) Changes in the composition of amino acid are not so remarkable, whereas, amount of protein seems to increase during maturation, keeping almost same composition of amino acids.
3) Hydroxylysine was successfully separated using a 15cm. column.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (227K) -
右田 正男, 大竹 茂夫1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 663-670
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーBy using equilibrium dialysis method, it was intended (i) to ascertain the findings obtained spectrophotometrically by Klotz et al. that urea not only inhibits the interaction between serum albumin and methyl orange (MO), but also splits the preformed combination between them, and (ii) to examine the influence of urea upon the binding of MO and methylene blue (MB) to fish “actomyosins”.
Equilibrium dialysis
5ml. of protein solution in inside cell was dialysed against 10ml. of dye solution in outside cell through cellophane for 72 hr. at 4°C.* Control dialysis was set up in order to make correction for absorption of dye on membrane itself. Amount of bound dye was calculated from the difference between equilibrium concentrations of free dye in ouside cells of protein-containing and control dialysis systems.
Results 1. In 6M urea, combination between serum albumin and MO did not take place (Table 2), and also the preformed combination was abolished (Table 4). Binding of MO to cellophane which was used as semipermeable membrane was also completely inhibited in 6M urea but the binding once formed was hardly affected.
2. In 2M urea, the binding of MO to albumin took place to some extent though an inhibitory effect of urea was marked. The extent of combination was the same whether albumin and MO were dialysed in 2M urea solution, or albumin in 6M urea was dialysed against 3 vol. of phosphate buffer containing MO (Table 2, and Fig. 1, Curve C).
3. 0.6M malonic amide and 1M urea are equivalent in raising dielectric constant of water. The former, however, inhibited only slightly the binding of MO to albumin, but the latter noticeably. Thus the inhibitory effect of urea cannot be explained soley by increase in dielectric constant of the solution.
4. “Actomyosin” either from horse mackerel or squid combined with both MO and MB but albumins do not combine with MB. Under the conditions of the present experiments there seemed to exist the following orders with regard to the combining abilities of dye and of “actomyosin”: MB > MO, and squid “actomyosin” > horse mackerel “actomyosin ”.
5. Carp “actomyosin” which was freed from urea by dialysis after it had been kept dissolved in 6M urea for 24 hr., showed the same binding ability toward MO as native carp “actomyosin”. Results 2 and 5 show that effect of urea upon the combination of protein and MO is reversible.
* For the apparatus, see this Bull. 22, 260 (1956).抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (351K) -
キワダ青肉及び正常肉のビタミンB群,無機質の含量平尾 秀一, 村山 繁雄, 簗瀬 正明, 山田 充阿弥, 菊地 嶺, 田部井 菊子, 木坂 健次, 榎本 吉宏1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 671-675
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリー“Greening” is a term referred to a phenomenon which makes tuna meat discolor into a disagreeable greenish brown as is often met with the meat precooked for canning.
A few investigators, reporting the independency of this phenomenon on either of the method of catch and the degree of freshness, have assigned its origin before to some individual abnormality inherent to the fish in question. Any further information, however, has not been presented thereafter about the nature of the origin of “greening”.
The authors, now, considering some anomaly in vitamin B group and minerals in muscular system for the cause of the greening, measured their quantities in both greened and normal samples of yellowfin tuna. From the results may be formed the following summary:
In comparison with normal meat, green meat is rich not only in moisture but in B12 and poor in B6. As for the contents of riboflavin, folic acid and pantotheic acid no striking contrast prevails between the two types of meat (Tables 1 ?? 2, Figs. 1 ?? 3).
Nevertheless, it may be worthy of note that, while for normal meat little positive relation can be found between the contents of riboflavin and folic acid, these two vitamins vary in amount in a distinct correlation with each other in greened meat (Table 3).
The amount of mineral constituents seems to be independent of the degree of greening, but it should be remarked that two samples of green meat showed an extraordinary low level of phosphorus content.
These findings will provide a clue to the resolution of biochemical causes of the greening.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (335K) -
キワダ青肉及び正常肉個体の腎臟中のビタミンB群,無機質の含量平尾 秀一, 村山 繁雄, 簗瀬 正明, 山田 充阿弥, 菊地 嶺, 田部井 菊子, 木坂 健次, 榎本 吉宏1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 676-678
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーIn the previous paper the authors presented a few data for the vitamin B group and minerals in the green and the normal meat of yellowfin tuna. To make an approach to the biochemical cause of the greening, however, it is desirable to collect the data for the internal organs, as well. As most of the internal organs of yellowfin tuna are separated from the body immediately after the catch it is difficult to collect their samples except the kidney which is found always left in the body. For this reason the authors conducted experiments with kidney in a way similar to that taken for meat.
In comparison with normally colored fish greened body was found to contain a larger amount of moisture, less phosphorus in kidney with a very small ratio of P : Ca.
No definite correlation was observed between the B group content and the greening while the riboflavin and the folic acid contents were found to vary in parallel with each other in the case of greened samples. But such a relation can hardly be detected with normal samples.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (220K) -
青肉個体の簡易判別法(予報)平尾 秀一, 村山 繁雄, 簗瀬 正明, 山田 充阿弥, 菊地 嶺, 田部井 菊子, 木坂 健次, 榎本 吉宏1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 679-681
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーNo particular method has been known so far to distinguish the individuals with green meat among catches of yellowfin tuna, because the abnormality becomes apparent only through the process of precooking. According to the authors' findings, however, water suspension of kidney tissue is colored light brown in the case of normal body, and brownish black in with greened body, showing a color graduation in good agreement with that of precooked meat.
On the basis of the findings it is suggested that greened body can be easily distinguished from the normal one by judging the color of kidney suspension.
Table 2 shows prescriptions of color standard applicable to such inspection.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (360K) -
ボツリヌスE型菌の栄養要求について安藤 芳明, 井上 勝弘1958 年 24 巻 8 号 p. 682-686
発行日: 1958年
公開日: 2008/02/29
ジャーナル フリーThe nutritional requirements of Cl. botulinum type E, strains IWANAI & TENNO, which had already been isolated in Japan, were studied and compared with those of other serological types A and B.
It was found that type E differed from the latter two types in the following two nutritional patterns.
1) The requirement of fermentable sugars as energy source for growth: type E organisms were unable to grow in media free from sugars (Table 1), whereas both types A and B grew well in such media.
2) The requirement of some unidentified peptides as growth-supporting factor: type E organisms failed to grow in a partially defined medium supplemented with various vitamins, when casamino acid was used as nitrogen source; however, they grew well when casitone was substituted for casamino acid. In addition, trypsinized preparations of various proteins also promoted growth.
This growth-supporting factor in casitone or trypsin digest of proteins may be a kind of peptide containing γ-glutamyl group, but its identity with “Strepogenin” was not ascertained.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (373K)
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