All issues
Volume 26, Issue 3
Displaying 1-31 of 31 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Katsuji HONDA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 199-203
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCotton threads were twisted by trial twister in the state of balancing upper with lower twist (Tab. 1, Fig. 2). These were weared by the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1. Both values of r/r0 and T/T0 are decreased in accordance with the increase of times in friction (Figs. 3, 4). Generally the thick threads are easy to wear compared with the fine (Fig. 4). As to threads in market the next experimental formula was usually determined,
r/r0=√T/T0
but in this case above formula was not satisfied (Figs. 3, 4). It is supposed that the samples used are not completely compacted as these are produced by the way of experiment.View full abstractDownload PDF (233K) -
Otohiko SUZUKI, Tasae KAWAKAMI1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 204-206
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (134K) -
ON THE REGENERATIVE SCALES OF MUD-LOACH, MISGURNUS FOSSILIS ANGUILLICAUDATUS (CANTOR)Hisao KOBAYASI, Masahiko KAWAI1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 207-210
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) It is difficult to tear off experimentally the scales of mud-loach, Misgurnus fossilis anguillicaudatus, because of their relatively small size. If the operation is carried out unskillfully, deformed scales would oftenly be regenerated on account of presumptive damage of the scale pockets.
(2) The early regenerative scales have a broad sculptureless focal area occupying almost all of the scale dimention, and they resemble the ordinary scales of Cobitis taenia.
(3) Regenerative scales observed 172 days after the operation are a little smaller in the whole shape and somewhat fewer in number of circular grooves than the ordinary ones. As time goes by, the structure of the former bears resemblance to that of the latter and consequently when the breeding of the fishes is continued, it may be supposed that these regenerated scales would completely return to the ordinary ones.View full abstractDownload PDF (316K) -
Masao OKA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 211-216
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDistribution of catch per unit of effort does not fit in Poisson distribution premised the independent action of individual, because many fishes seem to form their shoals respectively.
But, it is asumed that the shoal constructed with individuals of fish will fluctuate itself and we are able to estimate that the distribution of number of shoal in some limited area will fit in Poisson distribution.
If the distribution of appearable probabilities of shoal is shown as fn (m), the probability of number of fish W (n) in some limited area will be expressed as W(n)=nΣm?1exp(-μ)•μm/m!•fn(m)…… proviso; m denote number of shoal, n denote number of fish in limited area and μ denote average number of shoal.
Therefore, fn (m) will be able to calculate from the counted number W (n) in fishing.
As the result, the distribution of fn (m) in each market size of Kidai, Taius tumi frons, is shown as Fig. 3 and the elementary connection of individuals in shoal of Kidai of small and middle market size is estimated as 4r, (r=0, 1, 2, 3, ……) but in large sie their connection is unknown.View full abstractDownload PDF (336K) -
Masato AKAZAKI1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 217-222
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present paper, growth pattern and age composition of the sea bream, Chrysophrys major, are estimated by scale length and fork length of the fish. During the period from April 1958 to September 1959, 1010 specimens caught in Wakasa Bay were examined in the Nishi Maizuru Fish Market, Kyoto Prefecture. They were measured in the fork length, body depth, head length, body weight and on the scales. In this case the scales were collected from the mid part of the body, namely the 5th and 6th scales in the vertical line downwards from the 13-15th lateral line scales. Scale length and each annual ring size were measured along the line from the focus to the basilateral angles. The results obtained are the following.
1. The monthly change of growth rate of marginal region (α) on scale with 1-5 annual rings (under 5 years old) of the fish were examined so as to conjecture the month when the annual ring was formed. Succesive collections of the scales throughout the year have led the writer to believe that scale annual ring is formed in the spring, from March to May (Fig. 2).
2. Average actual annual ring sizes (rn, γn+1) of the scale are plotted against each age in accordance with Walford's growth transformation (Fig. 3). Each point is so well distributed on two lines that these meat at the 6th point.
3. Estimated annual ring size is given from the result of the Walford's growth transfor-mation (Table 1). Fig. 4 shows the relation between fork length (L in mm) and scale length (R in mm). The relation formula is as follows:
L=34.2+16.5R+1.7R2.
4. In Table 1, estimated fork length at the time when each annual ring of scale was just formed is obtained by application of the estimated annual ring size of each age to the relation formula. Although results obtained present slightly lower rate, they agree in general with the average actual fork length on the whole, especially whithin the first dozen years or so. Compared with the sea bream of the Inland Sea of Japan, it seemed to me that the sea bream of Wakasa Bay has inferior growth rate about one year in early stage (from 1 to about 7 years old) and two or three years in older age.View full abstractDownload PDF (1270K) -
Satoshi MITO1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 223-226
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSConcerning post-larvae and juvenile of the common dolphin-fish, Coryphaena hippurus, there are reports by various authors, however, the egg development and succeeding pre-larval stage, so far, seem to remain undescribed.
The ovarian egg of this fish is buoyant, colorless, spherical in shape, measuring 1.2-1.6mm in diameter, with a single light yellow oil globule measuring 0.3-0.4mm in diameter.
The yolk is coarsely segmented, but after being preserved, these segmentations became indistinct.
According to the occurrence of eggs and larvae in the sea, and the examination of the gonad of this fish, the spawning season around Kyushu seems to extend from late May to late August (Table 1). The hatching took place in about two days at the water temperature 24-26°C.
During the course of egg development, many melanophores and xanthophores appeared on the embryonal body, yolk and oil globule (Fig. 1, a-c).
The just hatched larva was 3.95mm in total length, with the oil globule situated at the posterior part of the yolk, and the anus opened somewhat posteriorly to the middle of the body. The myotome number was 17+15=32 (the vertebral number of this fish being 31).
Melanophores and xanthophores were scattered nearly all over the body, yolk and oil globule, but on the marginal fin there were observed only the xanthophores.
Soon after hatching, the chromatophores became larger and approached to each other, and the xanthophores on the marginal fin shifted to its margin.
In 4 days after hatching, the yolk and oil globule were entirely consumed and the larva attained 5.70mm. The xanthophores of the marginal fin became faint. The myotome number and the position of the anus remained unchanged (Fig. 1, e).View full abstractDownload PDF (264K) -
Shiro FUJITA, Satoshi MITO1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 227-229
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChaetodontoplus septentrionalis (TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL) is a common chaetodontid fish, distributed from the middle to southern Japan, Formosa and China.
The spawning season seems to extend from July to early September in the western part of Yamaguchi Prefecture.
On August 12 and 25, 1959 the authors carried out the artificial insemination of this fish and observed the egg development and hatched larvae at Tsunoshima, Hohoku Cho, Yamaguchi Prefecture.
The egg is colorless and buoyant, spherical in shape measuring 0.82-0.88mm in diameter with a single oil globule measuring 0.15-0.20mm. The yolk is roughly segmented near its animal pole.
Hatching took place in 16 hours at the water temperature of 26.8-28.0°C and in 22 hours and 40 minutes at 24-26°C.
Newly hatched larvae (including the one of Fig. 1, i) were 1.9-2.0mm in total length, with the oil globule situated at the posterior part of the elongated oval-shaped yolk sac. The myotome number was 12+15=27 (vertebral number of this fish being 10+14=24). The melanophores were scattered all over the body excepting the end part of the tail and on the surface of the oil globule. The larvae were free from the xanthophores.
In 22 hours, the eyes became slightly pigmented. The xantophores appeared on the oil globule and on the yolk around it, none on the body. The melanophores on the oil globule shifted to the anterior part of the yolk. The number of myotomes was 10+15=25.
In 48 hours, the yolk and oil globule were almost consumed and the larva attained 2.6mm in total length. The mouth was formed, and pectoral fins well developed. The melanophores became larger and covered the body excepting the tail end.
In 68 hours, the yolk were entirely consumed and the larva died.View full abstractDownload PDF (232K) -
Jiro KITTAKA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 230-238
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRecently, cultivation of Hamachi (the young of Seriola quinqueradiata) has been carried on in various districts along the coasts of the Seto Inland Sea. The culture ponds now in use may be divided broadly into two types. The pond of the first type (“channel” type) is constructed by erecting stone dams at both ends of a narrow channel between two islands. Ponds of Ageshima and Kiheijima fish farms are of this type. The pond of the other type (“bay” type) is made by stretching wire-netting or fishing net at the mouth of a small bay. Representatives of the ponds of this type are found at Fukura and Uto fish farms. Sea water flows into or from the ponds, more or less freely, by tide and tidal current, passing through sluices of the dam in the former or through net meshes in the latter.
In the present study, investigation was made on some physical and chemical characters and change or circulation of the sea water of several Hamachi-ponds of thses types, with special reference to the possible relation between change of pond water and carrying capacity of the pond.
The results obtained may be summarized as follows:
1) In the ponds of the channel type, sea water continually flowed into them through sluices of either of the opposite dams, except about an hour or two at low water. In the ponds of the bay type, on the contrary, the inflow of sea water discontinued from high water to low one. Consequently, the vertical gradient of the environmental factors was less remarkable in the latter than in the former.
2) It was established both theoretically and observationally that the oxygen concentration of the pond water was determined by three principal agents, viz., change or circulation of pond water, absorption of atomospheric oxygen and respiration of fish. It was, likewise, demonstrated that the ammonia concentration was varied mainly due to change of the pond water and excretion of fish.
3) A positive, linear relation was found to exist between the degree of change of the pond water and the carrying capacity of the fish pond.View full abstractDownload PDF (551K) -
Shogoro KASAHARA, Reijiro HIRANO, Yasuo OHSHIMA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 239-244
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHitherto, many attempts have been made to rear the larvae hatched from the pelagic eggs of various kinds of marine fishes. However, notwithstanding the efforts made by many biologists and fish-culturists, no satisfactory method to raise the fry and to maintain their survival at a high percentage has yet been achieved.
The authors made three trials in the artificial fertilization of the black porgy, Mylio macrocephalus. These three trials were carried out at the Iride fish market, situated on the wes-tern coast of Hamana Bay, on the 30th of April, the 7th of May and the 23rd of May, 1959. Rearing experiments were carried out at the Ikawazu Fisheries Laboratory, Aichi Pref. to which the fertilized eggs were transported from there.
The eggs hatched out in 40-50 hours and 60-70 hours at water temperatures of 19°C and 17°C respectively (Table 1). As food for the hatched out larvae, substantial amounts of several kinds of protozoa were previously cultured and given to them from a few days after hatching. It was observed that the fry, shortly before the yolk sac was entirely absorbed, namely at the age of two to three days after hatching, began to feed on fine Dino-flagellata, Oxyrrhis sp. (10-30μ×8-15μ). Subsequently, at fry measurements of 3-3.5mm. in total length, a species of Spirotricha, Stylonchia sp. (50-100μ×30-40μ) were largely fed on by the fry. Later, as the fry grew, they were observed to take in various living food organisms of gradually larger size in direct relation to their growth. For instance, in our experiments it was observed that the fry took the nauplius of copepoda or barnacle at 4-4.5mm. in total length, ie. 9-12 days after hatching; the nauplius of brine shrimp at about 5mm. in total length, ie. 15 days after hatching; young mysid shrimp at about 7mm. in total length, ie. 3-4 weeks after hatching and finally the fry was able to feed on chopped fish when they measured about 15mm. in total length, ie. 6-7 weeks after hatching (vide Fig. 2).
As to the number of fry that survived, we obtained 638 young porgies (13% to the number of the hatched larvae) after 52 days in the first round of rearing, 614 fry (17.5%) after 45 days in the second trial and 102 fry after 60 days in the last trial. In each trial to raise the larvae, a considerablly high mortality occurred at the age of 6-8 days after hatching. It is observed that these days are the period when the fry change their diet from protozoa to larger food organisms. Further study is necessary so as to make it possible to improve the survival rate of the fry especially during this critical period when the fry changes its diet from protozoa to larger living organisms. Once this critical period was crossed it was observed that the fry grew rapidly, reaching about 4.5mm. after two weeks, 10.1mm. after a month and 32.0mm. (1.03gm. in body weight) at the age of two months (Fig. 3).View full abstractDownload PDF (361K) -
Tomiju HASHIMOTO, Minoru NISHIMURA, Yoshinobu MANIWA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 245-249
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe detection of fish shoal by their swimming sound is usually made by research vessels, or, in case of set net fishing, by the cable transmission of under-water sound to coastal receiving stations.
To listening simultaneously to the sea noises of several locations or surveying the fish location by the sound originated from fish school, it has been demonstrated that the sonobuoy's disposition offers an easier and more economic survey. The observation is made by setting several sonobuoys at sea and receiving the under-water sound through the radio system at a coastal station.
The sonobuoy device consists of hydrophone, audio amplifier, radio transmitter and receiver, speaker, pen-recorder and tape recorder. The under-water signal received by hydrophone is recorded on the penrecorder or on the magnetic tape recorder. The effective communication range of sonobuoy is up to 10km.
The observation obtained at fixed set-net fishing ground has demonstrated that the sonobuoy can clearly distinguish the sound of fish school (mainly yellow-tail) from the sea noise, and that the frequency of sound generation at the entrance of set-net has a certain relation with probable catch of yellow-tail.
We can conclude that in future, the forecast of fish catch may be possible by listening to the sound of fish by means of such a device.View full abstractDownload PDF (1332K) -
ON THE SHAPE OF CULTURED FRONDS-1Yunosuke SAITO1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 250-258
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been widly accested that in the species Undaria pinnatifida SUR., two different forms, f. typica and f. distans, have been. However, the necessary characteristics to differenciate the A-form from B-form have not adequately been clarified.
This study was carried out for the purpose of finding out the fittest characteristics useful to indentify these forms.
The materials and the method of investigation are as follows:
(1) The materials were collected from the fronds which were introduced from various original habitats and cultured by hanging-method in Toyohama Harbour, Chita District, Aichi Pref., and also from the fronds in natural habitat at Toyohama and Ono, in the same district.
(2) On these materials, biometrical investigations were made on several portions of the same frond, such as the length of frond (L1), the length of stipe (L2), the distance from the lowest margin of blade to the upper end of sporophyll-part (L3), the width of frond (W: the broadest portion in young fronds; W1: the broadest portion of pinnate blade in adult fronds; W2: the same of basal part of blade), the number of pinnate blade (N1), the number of wrinkle of sporophyll (N2), and the shape of sporophyll etc. (vide Figs. 1, 3 ?? 8).
Then, these numerical values and interrelations between some of them were compared among the cultured fronds introduced from three original habitats (Toyohama, Ono and Oginohama, Miyagi Pref.), those between the wild and cultured fronds and also those between the fronds of the first and second generations.
The results obtained may be summarized as follows:
(1) Obvious differences were recognized among the cultured fronds of above mentioned three habitats on the following items: the ratio of L2/L1, the relationship between N1 and L1, the number of wrinkle of sporophyll and the growth rate of frond.
(2) As to the comparision of the wild and cultured fronds at Toyohama and Ono, only a few differences were recognized. They are namely, the ratio of W/L1 and the length of frond at the time when the first wrinkle of sporophyll was formed, in the Toyohama-specimens, and the ratio of L2/L1 in the Ono-specimens.
As to the difference between the frond of the first and second generation, it was not recognized in the fronds of Toyohama, but was imperceptively seen on the ratio of L2/L1 and the same of W2/W1 in those from Oginohama.
(3) Consequently, it was suggested that the shape of fronds at various habitats were distinguishable especially in such characters as follows: (a) the ratio of L2/L1, (b) the rela-tionship between N1 and L1, (c) the length of frond at the time when the first wrinkle of sporophyll was formed, (d) the relationship between N2 and L1, (e) the number of wrinkle of sporophyll, (f) the growth rate of frond. Besides these marked characteristics were scarcely lost by the culture and also were reiterated for some, at least two, generations.View full abstractDownload PDF (693K) -
Yoshio TOMODA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 259-263
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs is the case in Europe, there are different opinions concerning to the identification of forms in the crussian carp of Japanese water.
It is said that there are three forms of crussian carp in Lake Biwa, which bear native names of Hiwara, Nigoro and Gengoro-Funa respectively:
I have selected specimens typical of each form and studied their external and internal structures with reference to their special mode of life. Thus, it is revealed that, these forms are distinct from each other, having characteristics as follows:
Gengoro-Funa has a large opening of mouth, its gill-rakers are not only excess in number, but complicated in structures. Hiwara has thick lips and much developed pharyngeals, while its mandible remains feeble. Nigoro possesses rather well developed gill-rakers; its mandible is large comparing to its head size, while its pharyngeals develop weakly.
In addition to these characteristics, Gengoro-Funa and Nigoro provide well developed airbladder and pneumatic bulb, which are feeble in Hiwara.View full abstractDownload PDF (384K) -
ON SHAPE OF SARDINE PURSE SEINE OPERATING IN BUNGO CHANNELYasushi KONDO, Etsuyuki HAMADA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 264-268
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUpon the fishing efficiency of the sardine purse seine operating by night in Bungo Channel, with the gathering lamp, the depth of the net foot has an important influence.
On the gear shown in Fig. 1, the sinking depth of the net foot was measured with a self depth meter and some sounding chemical tubes, and moreover a model experiment was carried out in order to observe the transformation of the net.
The results obtained are as follows;
(1) The sinking depth of the net foot is as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The depth of the middle part of the net foot was larger than the calculated net depth, but each wing of the net foot did not spread enough to reach the calculated net depth. The maximum sinking velocity (at the middle part of the net foot) was 16.5m/min.
(2) The transformations of the net are as shown in Fig. 5. And on the sinking depth of the net foot, there was such difference between the full scale net and the model net as shown in Fig. 4.
(3) The fishing efficiency of this gear to the depth of fish school is as shown in Fig. 6. The deeper a fish school is, the more the efficiency decreases when the net foot does not reach the sea bottom.View full abstractDownload PDF (348K) -
EXPERIMENTS ON SOME SEA-WATER FISHES PERFORMED ON THE DRIVING AND INTERCEPTING EFFECTSSumio ENAMI1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 269-272
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to observe the driving and intercepting effects on Therdpon servus, Apogon notatus, Gerres erythrourus, Chromis notata and Trachurus trachurus, some laboratory experiments on the bubble-net were done with the method mentioned in the previous report.
As the result of that experiment some effects of the bubble-net on these fishes were observed, furthermore it was ascertained that these effects were to be influenced by the air amount of the bubble-net and the visional response ability of the fish toward the air-amount, and as to the air-amount which is necessary to bring forth any intercepting effects, no good result was to be obtained, both when there was too much air-amount and when too little.View full abstractDownload PDF (278K) -
Kiyoshi UCHIHASHI1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 273-276
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) Goldfishes and carps were arranged in three groups, namely of normal ones, of blind ones, and of blind ones of which lateral lines had been removed and the receptors of facial nerves had been incinerated.
Their localization against the stream direction was studied.
2) As for goldfishes and the carps the blindness seemed to have caused some difficulties in localizing them against stream.
3) When blind goldfishes or carps shifted to the region where the direction and the velocity were somewhat different from the main stream, it seemed easier for them to localize themselves against it.
4) When the lateral lines of blind carps had been removed, a great difficulty was observed for them in localizing themselves against stream. But when their bodies contacted some fixed objects, the counter-stream localization was observed.
5) Blind carps whose lateral lines had been removed, and whose tactile organs in their faces had been incinerated could never localize themselves against stream.
6) No significant difference was observed between the ability of counter-stream localization of a goldfish and that of a carp.View full abstractDownload PDF (214K) -
Toyotaka TANOUE, Yoji KURATA, Yoichiro TOKUDOME1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 277-283
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOn the spawning season of mackerel, P. tapeinocephal?s and its apt water-temperature in the fishing-grounds of East China Sea (south of 29°N lat), Satsunan and Izu, some investi-gations were carried out examining the state of the gonad index (G. W./B. L.3×103), the collected larvae, and the sea conditions of the fishing grounds. The results obtaind are as follows:
(1) In the East China Sea, Satsunan (South Sea off Kagoshima Prefecture) and Izu fishing grounds, the spawning-season, the best time for spawning, water-temperature were ascer-tained as shown in the following list.
Spawning-season Best time for spawning Water-temperature
East China Sea: Jan.-May Feb.-Apr. 18-23°C
Satsunan: Jan.-June Feb.-Apr. 17-23°C
Izu: Feb.-June Mar.-May 17-23°C
(2) The spawning mackerel of January in Satsunan is such large-sized as beyond 34cm in fork length and that of February in Izu is such one as beyond 37cm in fork length.
(3) In the fishing ground of East China Sea, Satsunan and the around off Miyakejima, P. tapeinocephalus seems to become mature at the term when the water temperature begins to rise from the lowest degree.View full abstractDownload PDF (525K) -
DETERMINATION OF LACTIC ACID IN FISH MUSCLEYasuhiko TSUCHIYA, Kiyoshi KUNII1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 284-288
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe development of lactic acid in fish is not only influenced by the degree of muscular exercise in life, but also by the condition of treatment after death. This report deals with theresults conducted by the authors on the determination of lactic acid in fish muscle. The results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and figure 1 and summarized as follows:
(1) The dorsal muscle of bonito, Katsuwonus vagans, showed the highest value of 1, 170mg. per cent of lactic acid, while the ventral muscle of flat fish, Xystrias grigorjewi, showed the lowest 34mg. per cent among 14 kinds of fish purchased from the fish shops at Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture.
(2) The muscle of the fish employed in this experiment is roughly classified into three groups as red, medium red and white muscle fish. The amount of lactic acid was found in the range of 283 to 1, 170 in the red muscles of bonito, tunny, sardine etc., 283 to 639 in the medium red in carp, Clupanodon punctatus and Lateolabrax japonicus and 34 to 185mg. per cent in the white in codfish, flatfish etc. These differences are discussed from on ecological point of view.
(3) The lactic acid content in dark muscle is generally lower than that in normal one. This fact is supposed to be due to the difference of the muscular function, namely the dark muscle is not well-developed as well as normal muscle and its function is similar to that of internal organ.
(4) The time to attain the highest concentration of lactic acid in the muscle of carp killed by being stabbed in the medulla of the neck immediately after catching was 55 hours in storage at 0°C and 25 hours at 10°C, while in the case of the fish killed after being left alone and weakened in air at room temperature for 5 hours it was 5 to 15 hours at 0°C and 1 to 5 hours at 10°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (348K) -
Tadataka TANIGUTI1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 289-293
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of the food preservatives and some other chemicals on the germination and the postgerminative development of Bacillus subtilis spores has been studied. The inhibitory effect of the reagents on the germination was determined by the nephelometric method. The influence of the reagents on the postgerminative development was determined by Warburg technique or by measurements of the methylene blue reduction time. The results obtained from the experiments are as follows.
1) The reagents, which were shown in the table 1, did not inhibit the germination. But those reagents were effective as inhibitor of the postgerminative development.
2) Sorbic acid had little or no effectiveness at pH 7.0. But at pH 6.0, it had apparent inhibitory effect on the germination and the postgerminative development in the concentration range from 0.1 to 0.2 per cent. The effect of sorbic acid on the germination was greater at pH 5.5 than at pH 6.0 (Fig. 1 ?? 4).
3) 8-hydroxyquinoline inhibited the germination at 4mM concentration, but that concentration was about four hundred times as high as the concentration which was required to inhibit the postgerminative development (Fig. 5 and 6).
4) The action of the reagents which were shown in the table 1 and of sorbic acid on the germination was not influenced by the presence of tween 80, but the inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline on the germination slightly decreased in the presence of 0.5 per cent tween 80 (Fig. 5).View full abstractDownload PDF (320K) -
AEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS OF FISH AND MOLLUSK MUSCLETakeshi SHIBATA, Katsuji YOSHIMURA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 294-299
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is the purpose of this series of the experiments to study on the rate limiting factors in glycolysis of the muscle of aquatic animals. In the present paper, the effects of substrates and cofactors on aerobic lactic acid formation or pyruvic acid formation in the crude muscle extracts are described.
With the extract from the skeletal muscle of carp, it was demonstrated that fructose diphosphate (FDP) is the most requisite substrate for lactic acid production and the increasing amounts of added FDP stimulate proportionally the lactate formation, but in the presence of pyruvate, lactic dehydrogenase appeared to be limiting factor. DPN was more effective than ATP and the results of lactate formation when DPN was omitted are the same as in the absence of both.
On the other hand, with the mantle muscle of squid, it has been observed that lactic dehydrogenase activity was very low and pyruvic acid was markedly accumulated as the end product of aerobic glycolysis. It may reflect different properties of enzymes of TCA cycle or an alternate route of pyruvic acid utilization. However, the effects of cofactors and substrates on the accumulation of pyruvate are the same as in the case of carp muscle.View full abstractDownload PDF (448K) -
Toshiharu KAWABATA, Genji SAKAGUCHI, Sumiko SAKAGUCHI, Yumiko NAKAMURA ...1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 300-311
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Three separate experiments of fish preservation with OTC and CTC were performed. Each experiment involved 20 found flat-fish (Paralichthys olivaceus) or guttedstone-flounder (Kareius bicoloratus), which were treated by dipping in 10 or 30 ppm. of antibiotic solution for 10 or 120 minutes. These fish were stored at 4°C. or 20°C.
2. The storage life of the treated fish was prolonged, however the effectiveness varied with the concentration of antibiotic solution, the dipping period, and the storage temperature, of which the temperature was the most important factor. Storing the treated fish at 4°C. showed a marked effectiveness in keeping the quality of fish; while at 20°C. only a slight difference in storage life between the treated and untreated fish was observed.
3. The decomposition processes of the treated fish stored at 4°C. were divided into 3 steps: In the first step, multiplication of microorganisms is inhibited; in the second, bacterial population tends to increase rapidly without giving any sign of deterioration; and in the third, decomposition products and a particular odor distinct from putrefaction are formed without further increase in the bacterial population.
4. The majority of the bacteria grown in the treated fish muscle were psychrophilic, and non-putrefactive, and were resistant against 5 ppm. of the antibiotics.
5. The possible mechanisms of the predomination of the resistant organisms and of the formation of the particular odor in the antibiotic-treated fish were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (755K) -
Yoshihiro SATO1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 312-316
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe AMANO's method for the evaluation of the fish freshness applied by W. WALKIEWICZ's was found to be unapplicable to bottom fish (Table 1) as well as squid. It is considered that this was caused by the high pH value of those muscles which may be ascribed to the small quantity of lactic acid and high trimethylamine oxide content, having the buffering capacity on acid side below pH 6.25, in comparison with the pelagic fish. In order to justify this consideration, the determination of lactic acid and trimethylamine oxide, was carried out. The results are shown in tables 2, 3 and 4. The pH value of the mixed solution of trimethylamine oxide and lactic acid was measured as shown in Table 3 and the effect of addition of trimethylamine oxide and lactic acid on the pH value of histidine solution (958mg%) was observed as indicated in Table 4. The pH value of bottom fish and squid generally is given as above 6.2, which is due to the small quantity of lactic acid and large amount of trimethylamine oxide. Owing to this high value the AMANO's method is not applicable for bottom fish and squid.View full abstractDownload PDF (388K) -
PREPARATION OF INOSINIC ACID FROM SQUID MUSCLETsuneyuki SAITO, Minoru MATSUYOSHI, Kenichi ARAI, Yasuzo ITO1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 317-320
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy using the 5' adenylate deaminase of some fish muscles IMP was prepared from squid muscle at fairly good yield.View full abstractDownload PDF (188K) -
CHANGES OF VITAMIN B12 CONTENT IN THE WATERKen-ichi KASHIWADA, Daiichi KAKIMOTO, Akio KANAZAWA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 321-325
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has already been described of that the vitamin B12 content in natural water varies with the conditions of sampling the water to be analyzed, such as the season of year, the time of day and the depth of water, etc. Since said variation is though, to have distorted the data thus far published about vitamin B12 content in natural water, a few confirmatory researches were made on this item, the following results being obtained.
(1) When samples of natural water (sea-water, river-water and drain-water) were separately placed in vases and kept in a dark place, B12's in these samples increased, attaining to their maximum contents likewise in 2 or 3 days and decreasing afterwards (see Table 1). This is a general tendency and may perhaps be attributed to the work of bacteria originally contained in the sample waters.
(2) Samples taken from upper layers (0-50m in depth) of the water of Lake Ikeda, when kept in the conditions the same as those under which the above samples were stored, uniformly showed noticeable changes of vitamin B12 contents in first 7 days, while samples taken from deeper layers of said source (deeper than 50m) showed increases of B12 only in first one day and decreased after that time to stational values which were not always strictly constant (see Table 3).
(3) In order to confirm the decomposition degree of B12 in sea-water by sun-light, the B12 solution was put into a polyethylene bag, and the bag was suspended for about 10 hours at different depth-layers of the sea (Dec. 5, 1958) with the following results shown in Fig.
1. In a nutshell, at the surface layer (0-20m) a considerable loss of B12 was to be seen, while at the depth of 30m or more than that, hardly any was. Hereby it seems quite necessary for any researcher who attempts to examine B12 content or to make water-sampling of it that he should take the loss of B12 by sunlight effects into consideration.View full abstractDownload PDF (339K) -
FATTY OIL FROM CARP EGGHisanao IGARASHI, Koichi ZAMA, Muneo KATADA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 326
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe fatty oil was obtained as an acetone-soluble fraction from the lipids of carp egg. Composition of acids of the fatty oil presented in Table 4 was observed to have peculiarities to the depot fat of fresh-water fishes, while that of salmon egg had shown the marine-fish form. It is hence presumed that fatty acid constitution of the fatty oil in fish eggs are considerably affected by body depot fats.
The presence of n-C18 alcohols and C21 glyceryl ethers were found besides cholesterol in the unsaponifiable metter.View full abstractDownload PDF (246K) -
Haruo BABA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 330-333
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOn the evaluation of the nutritive value of food protein, the availability of amino acids in them is an important factor to be duly considered. Most of the lysine resources in Japanese foods are fish proteins. So, in this report, the available lysine in the proteins of several species of marine aniamals, along with that of algae such as Chlorella and Scenedesmus, which are being remarked as new protein resources, was determined as well as chages of it by heating, browning reaction with glucose and reaction with acetaldehyde were studied. The available lysine was estimated by the Carpenter's method, based on the determination of free ε-amino group of lysine in the protein, and the results obtained are shown in Table 1, 2, and 3.
As seen in these Tables, available lysine value of fish protein was about 8 and that of shellfish was a little lower than that. The value of the algae was ranged from 3 to 4.
These values of fish and shellfish lost about 10% by heating, and more than half by reactions with glucose and acetaldehyde.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
Kisaku YAMADA, Mizuho TANAKA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 334-337
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the purpose of utilizing fish-wastes, we determined aqueous vitamines in those materials and found that the liver of Japanese star-gazer (Uranoscops japonicus HOUTTUYN) contained a large amount of anthranilic acid and its derivative. The summary of the experi-mental results are described below.
(1) The anthranilic acid content of japanese star-gazer liver is from twenty to fifty times as much as those of other fishes or rats. While the nicotinic acid content is lower than those of other kinds.
(2) The anthranilic acid derivative described above is easily hydrolized by NH2SO4 at 80°C in 30 minutes and yields free anthranilic acid and other component not yet clear.
(3) The derivative seems to be a compound which combines with some component through the amino group, for the test by Ehrlich reagent is negative and the color of quinhydrone reaction is yellow, while the former test becomes positive and the latter reaction produces red after hydrolysis.View full abstractDownload PDF (290K) -
INCORPORATION OF DIRECTLY UPTAKEN P32 INTO VARIOUS ACID-SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS OF RHIZODRILUS LIMASUS (HATAI)Kunio KOBAYASHI, Shigenobu OYAMA, Tetsuo TOMIYAMA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 338-342
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeveral studies were reported on the separation of the acid-soluble nucleotides in fish tissues2-5) and an earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris6), by the ion-exchange chromatography.
However, no works have been made, in the aquatic organism, of the fractionation of directly uptaken phosphorus from the medium into various phosphorus compounds. The present study deals with the incorporation of absorbed P32 into various acid-soluble nucleotides when a sludge worm, Rhizodrilus limasus, is exposed to P32 labeled water.
The acid-soluble phosphorus compounds which were extracted from the P32 labeled sludge worm with perchloric acid were fractionated into 13 fractions by a column chromatography according to the COHN and CARTER method8) (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Inorganic phosphate, AMP, ADP and ATP which contained P32 were identified, based on the ultraviolet absorption curves (Fig. 2) and elution positions observed when the extract was added with H3P32O4 and respective authentic nucleotides.
Thirty-six per cent and thirty-five per cent of P32 which existed in the extract were found in the inorganic phosphate and the adenosine polyphosphate fractions, respectively (Table 2). Excellent recoveries were obtained in this ion-exchange chromatography (Table 3).View full abstractDownload PDF (308K) -
Noriyuki ENOMOTO, Tokio IZUMI, Yukio TOMIYASU1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 343-348
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA saline solution once used in brine salting is usually considered to be out of use, because the bacteria and the soluble matters from fish body are liable to bring about such a bad effects on the fish brined in the used solution that degrade the quality of the product. However, as a saline solution once used still contains a large quantity of salt, it is uneconomical to abandon the solution after using it only one time. In this point of view, the authors have devised a simple method of regenerating the used saline solution. This method and the results are outlined as follows:
1) After adding N/5 HCl at the rate of 0.9-1.0cc. to 10cc. of the used saline solution, the mixture is boiled for 30min. and then added with 2% Japanese acid clay. The filtrate obtained in this way is available again for salting after adjustment of its salt concentration.
2) For convenience' sake, the filtrate is generally made saturated with common salt, from which saline solutions of desirable concentrations for reuse can be readily prepared by dilution.
3) The ratio of N/5 HCl to be added is constant irrespective of the concentration of used saline solution.
4) The result of application of regenerated saline solutions to salting test indicates that there is hardly any difference in quality between the products brined in the regenerated saline solution and those in the new saline solution. Dissolution of tasteful matters such as amino acid from fish body into the saline solution can be depressed.View full abstractDownload PDF (271K) -
NEW DESIGNED GRADIENT TANK FOR STUDYING AVOIDANCE REACTIONS OF FISHESShinya ISHIO1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 349-353
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA number of investigators have devised avoidance tanks of different types for studying the reactions of fishes to toxic substances, atmospheric gases or temperature (1)-(7). Those tanks were, however, not so convenient for the performance of studies as mentioned above, because of the unstability of toxic gradient formed, and the difficulty of operation for the tank to work properly. Especially, it made the accomplishment of the studies difficult to have to repeat the tests, making use of various concentrations of a toxicant and also exchanging used fishes for unused fishes in each test.
The present author has made a new designed gradient tank in which the concentration of toxicant introduced at one end decreased gradually with the distance that the stream moved down toward the outlet at opposit end. When fishes were put into the tank, they detected the unfavorable concentrations of toxic gradients and escaped away to the safe concentrations. The estimation of the concentrations of toxic substances which fishes avoid of, or prefer for has become, therefore, much easier than before.
This paper, thus, deals with the structure of the new tank and the gradients formed in it.View full abstractDownload PDF (336K) -
Kanehisa HASHIMOTO, Fumio MATSUURA1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 354-360
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) Properties of electrophoresis and heat coagulation were investigated on Hb of the fishes (including several species of Salmonidae) in sea-, fresh-, and brackishwater.
(2) The fishes except Salmonidae were shown to have one to three components of Hb by electrophoresis, but all proved to have an apparently homogeneous Hb by heat coagulation method.
(3) The Hb of Salmonidae fishes was shown electrophoretically to be composed of two to four components, but wholly two by heat coagulation. There are common features in both properties all over Salmonidae fishes.
(4) Both properties of fish Hb was more or less species-specific as far as studied, and these may be useful for classifying fishes in general.
The authors wish to express their heartfelt thanks to Messrs. S. YOSHINO and T. KANEMITSU for supplying the blood materials, and to Messrs. Y. YAMAGUCHI and H. EGUCHI for their technical assistance.
The expenses of this investigation were defrayed partly by a research fund granted from the Ministry of Education.View full abstractDownload PDF (400K) -
Shigeyuki SASAYAMA, Shichiro HAMADA, Kisaku YAMADA, Yasuo YONE, Tetsuo ...1960 Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 361-368
Published: 1960
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn case of cutlass fish which is flat and long shaped, keeping quality by a direct CTC-icing was superior to that resulted from placing parchment paper on fish which is now in common use by most fishermen. It is to be noticed that the preservative effect of CTC-ice could be only noted in upper part of the container, but not in lower part. The increase in CTC concentration of dip solution resulted in better quality but the effect was not so marked probably due to a rapid rate of spoilage in cutlass fish having flat shape and soft flesh. The sprinkling of CTC solution yielded a better quality in upper part of the container whereas no effect in the lower part. A twice sprinkling gave little better results. The similar results were also obtained in case of croaker. As to the effect on keeping quality of the position of the container in fish hold and of fish position in the container, it was found that cutlass fish held in lower part of the fish hold and of the container gave inferior quality and that not appreciable difference in quality was noted between fish container held in upper and middle part of the fish hold.
The CTC residue in unskinned flesh of cutlass fish was smaller than 0.08ppm in the direct CTC-icing and 0.05ppm in the indirect icing. Once sprinkling of sea water solution of CTC up to 150ppm resulted in the residue smaller than 0.1ppm. The once sprinkled fish lot showed a marked difference in CTC residue between upper and lower part of the contai-ner, while a twice sprinkled lot contained rather uniform CTC residue between upper, middle and lower part. The dip treatment yielded CTC residue of 0.75ppm at 100ppm CTC level and of 0.2ppm at 25ppm level. In case of croaker, once sprinkling of 100ppm CTC solution yielded residue smaller than 0.1ppm in flesh where as dip treatment in 25 and 50ppm CTC solution resulted in 0.09ppm and 0.2ppm CTC, respectively. The decrease in CTC residue of croaker with depth of flesh was comparable with that observed in salmon13), mackerel11) and others3), 12).View full abstractDownload PDF (620K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|