NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
Volume 28, Issue 11
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
  • Otohiko SUZUKI
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1051-1055
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • FIVE CASES OF UNCOMMON DEFORMITIES IN LARVAL HYBRIDS OF BITTERLING
    Yoshiharu HONMA, J. J. DUYVENÉ DE WIT
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1056-1063
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper deals with a morphological and histological description of the following teratic abnormities found in Acheilognathine species and hybrids.
    1. Tetrophthalmia in a larval hybrid between Rhodeus spinalis ?? from Taiwan and Rhodeus ocellatus ?? from Japan. It represents a case of duplicitas anterior.
    2. Duplication of dorsal fin in a hybrid between Acheilognathus rhombea ?? and Acheilognathus tabira ??, both from Japan, representing a case of duplicitas media asymmetrica.
    3. Lordosis in a hybrid between A. rhombea ?? and A. tabira ??, accompanied by edema in the hind brain region.
    4. Scoliosis in a larval hybrid between A. rhombea ?? and A. tabira ?? .
    5. Suppression of organ differentiation and larval development as a result of an excessive bulk of yolk in a larval hybrid between A. rhombea ?? from Japan and R. ocellatus ?? from Korea.
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  • ADVANCING OF SPAWNING PERIOD BY INTRODUCTION OF NEW STRAIN AND SELECTIVE BREEDING
    Minoru NOMURA, Zenjiro UEMATSU
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1064-1069
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present report consists of two parts; (1) the introduction of eggs fertilized earlier in a different hatchery, and (2) the selective breeding to accelerate maturation.
    (1) 34, 670 eyed eggs were brought to the Oizumi Trout Hatchery, Tokyo University of Fisheries, from the Samegai Trout Hatchery, Shiga Prefecture, on 25 Decomber 1951. The Samegai strain spawned in earlier months than that of the Oizumi at that time.
    The first spanwing of the Samegai strain in the Oizumi Hatchery was in December 1953. The percentage of females stripped in the Oizumi against total females including both introduced and original stocks of the same age was shown in Fig. 1, where the percentage being compared in a 10-day period through out the spawning years from 1953 to 1956. The Samegai strain spawned 15-30 days earlier than that of the Oizumi, although it showed a tendency to retard slightly in spawning period with the advance in age.
    (2) With an object finding the fully ripe fish which were permitted to strip eggs on earlier date, the two methods were undertaken; stepping up the date of sorting fish for ripeness (study after 1954), and taking eggs from the fish ascending a natural stream flowing into a brood pond in the hatchery (study after 1956). Then, selective breeding for advancing the period of maturation was carried out on these 2 types of early spawners.
    The result arrived was that, the opening day of actual egg taking operation was advanced to the middle of November after 1954 from the end of December hitherto experienced (Table 1). The first spawning of the brood fish resulted from selected fish began in 1956, since then the peak of the spawning also advanced to the end of December from the middle of January (Fig. 2). The percentage of mature females against total females examined till the end of December (the peak of spawning) increased gradually from 1956 to 1961 (Table 2). Corollary is that the egg taking period gradually advanced, though the dates of peak did not much alter after 1956.
    The relation between maturation of rainbow trout and temperature of water was discussed on the basis of the present study and available information. It stated that: 1. The character in spawning can not be held invariable in different water especially refering to the temperature. 2. The modification by selection of spawning period in one hatchery which requires a lengthy duration may not be highly evaluated in a practical sense than to maintain fishes of normal ripening reared in a number of hatcheries with varied temperatures. 3. Endocrinological treatment or light and/or temperature control will profit better than selective breeding in a sense that it saves the long time required for selective breeding.
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  • ACCELERATON OF SPAWNING BY CONTROL OF LIGHT
    Minoru NOMURA
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1070-1076
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An experiment was made to induce the earlier spawning of raindow trowt by the control of photoperiodicity artificially.
    The light schedules and results obtained were as follows;
    1) The Experiment No. 1 was conducted in a circular pond (diameter 5.3 m.) supplied with a constant flow of spring water at the rate of about 200 liters per minute and the temperature was constantly kept at nearly 10.6°C. The light schedule is shown in Fig. 1. It was controlled by 4 overhead 100 watt-lamps and a dark curtain covering over the pond. 30 females and 20 males were used.
    The Experiment began on March 18, 1957. Egg taking operation was permitted to start on October 12, 1957, and 30, 164 eggs were collected from 13 females (43 % of fish used) by December 12 (Table 2). Only 5.6 percent of the control fish spawned by that time.
    2) The light schedule of the Expetiment No. 2 is shown in Fig. 2. Use was made of the same pond and equipments as in the Experiment No. 1. 40 females and 20 males of 2-and 3-year-old rainbow trout were stripped on January 21, 1958, and transfered to the ex-perimental circular pond on the same date, but they reduced in number to 28 females and 15 males by the beginning of the experiment.
    The experiment began on February 23, 1958, The first eggs were taken from a female on August 20, 1958, and by December 15, 21 females (75 %o of fish used) produced 41, 048 eggs (Table 3). Therefore, it was confirmed that these fish spawned two times (January and August to December) in 1958 by the experiment. Since the egg taking from 75 percent of the control fish lasted to January 18, 1959, it was apparent that the fish experimented spawned a month earlier than the control fish.
    3) In Experiment No. 3, both rainbow trout (29 females, 15 males) and brook trout (12 females, 9 males) were used (Table 1). Experimental pond and equipments were same as in those of Experiment No. 2, except the use of 200 watt- instead of 100 watt-lamps. The fish recieved 6 hours of artificial light (lighting during 9 a. m. -3 p. m.) per day through the experiment from July 10 to December 29, 1961.
    In brook trout, the first eggs were taken from a female fertilized by 4 males riped on October 2, 1961, and by November 11 nearly 36, 000 eggs were collected from all 12 females (Table 4). The control fish numbering only 38.9 percent spawned by that time.
    In rainbow trout, egg taking operation was permitted to start on October 31, and about 55, 000 eggs were collected from 26 females (89.6 % of fish used) by December 29 (Table 4). Only 59.9 percent of the control fish spawned by that time (Fig. 3).
    4) Number of eggs taken per female, weight of egg, and percentage of eyed eggs obtained both on control and experimented fishes are shown in Table 5. Egg size of tested fish was slightly smaller than that of the control, but the number of eggs taken per female being reversed.
    It is worth noticing that the period of light control in Experiment No. 3 was over 100 days shorter than in the other two experiments, but it still has similar effect as in Experiments Nos. 1 and 2. Between the two species tested brook trout appear to be more readily adjusted to light control than rainbow.
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  • Takeyuki DOI
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1077-1081
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Sang CHOE
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1082-1091
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The locular index of the shell, which was introduced by HOYLE, W. E. (1886), is considered to be one of the most significant species diagnoses for the cuttle-fish. As for Sepia esculenta produced in Japan, SASAKI (1910, 1929) observed two different groups of it with different locular indexes. Later, YAMAMOTO (1945), YASUDA (1951) and KOITO et al. (1956) infer, on the basis of difference in the locular index, the existence of local types of it. Hereupon, TOMIYAMA (1957), ISHIKAWA and IWAI (1958) and YAGI (1960) made clear after more detailed examination on the form and growth of the shell that the locular index changes continuously with the growth of the cuttle-fish.
    The present author executed the hatching and growing of Sepia escutenta, Sepia subaculeata and Sepielta maindroni, while studying on the form and locular index of the shell as against the growth. The results thus obtained are:
    1) The shell of just-hatched Sepia escutenta has a length of 3.59 to 5.04mm (4.33mm in average), a width of 2.62 to 3.38mm (2.92mm in average) and 6 to 8 striped lines (7.0 lines in average). Characteristic of the shell is, as is compared with that of Sepia subaculeata, the meek-developed inner cone with a circular trimming. The last loculus is found protruding at the stage of a shell length 6.6 to 7.1mm, No spine is found at the rear end of the shell immediately after the hatching; they are formed at the stage of a shell length 5.1 to 5.5mm.
    2) Sepia subaculeata immediately after the hatching has a shell, 5.11 to 7.59mm long and 3.76 to 4.28mm wide, with 7 to 11 striped lines (8.1 lines in average). Compared with Sepia esculenta, the shell of this species has a much more developed inner cone with an acuteangled trimming. The spine at the rear end of the shell is recognizable even immediately after the hatching, and the last loculus appears at the stage of a shell length 30 to 35mm.
    3) The shell of just-hatched Sepiella maindroni is 3.04-3.31mm long and 1.66-1.79mm wide with 7-9 striped lines. No spine is found at the rear end of the shell. Its morphologi-cal characteristic such as the well developed last loculus constitutes an easier distinction from Sepia esculenta or Sepia subaculeata.
    4) The allometry expression applies well to the relation between shell-length and shell-width as well as to the relation between shell-lenth and shell-weight. On the curve of the relation of shell-length versus shell-weight, however, a slight inflection is observed at the point corresponding to the shell length of about 20mm for all of the three species.
    5) The locular index of the shell for the artificially reared individuals is 46-23 for Sepia esculenta (shell length 4-90mm), 41-25 for Sepia subaculeata (shell length 5-155mm), and 66-44 for Sepiella maindroni (shell lengtn 3-105mm). The index is greater in the youngling stage and decreases with the growtn.
    6) The shell locular index for Sepia esculenta varies a great deal with the growing condition. The index is large for the well-grown (42.3-37.9) and small for the undergrown (36.9-34.3).
    7) Though the locular index falls within a certain domain peculiar to each of the species and thus forms a species character, it is altogether a variable and, therefore, it involves a risk to judge species or presume the existence of local types just out of the index values.
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  • Babu ABRAHAM, Yoshio HIYAMA, Fujio YASUDA
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1092-1098
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) A few species of marine and fresh waters preys and predators were used to find out the absorption rate, with 32P as indicator.
    2) Fresh water fishes showed lower absorption rate than marine water fishes about most of preys except that of insect larvae and planktonic crustacean.
    3) When the taxonomical position of pery and predator was close the absorption rate was higher.
    4) Young ones of any fish were found to be good food for any large size fish.
    5) Absorption rate was higher when the fish was fed by the muscle of the same species of fish as the predator.
    6) When goby was fed with different parts of goby as prey, a lower value was seen in the case of bone as prey.
    7) Bivalve mantle was found to be good food for all fishes except minnow which has no habit to take it in nature.
    8) Insect larvae and small planktonic crustacean were found to be good food for all fishes except goby, file fish and minnow.
    9) Absorption rate obtained by the experiments stood same for any concentration of 32P in the prey.
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  • SEASONAL VARIATION OF NITROGENOUS EXTRACTIVES IN SQUID MUSCLE
    Kinji ENDO, Masao HUJITA, Wataru SIMIDU
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1099-1103
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to demonstrate the seasonal variation of nitrogenous extractives in squid muscle, free amino acids, trimethylamine oxide and betaine determined in the mantle muscle of squids at several stages of the life cycle.
    In Ommastrephes sloani pacificus, as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 1, amounts of free amino acids decreased in summer or autumn when the squid grew up in size, and increased during winter and spring, and amounts of trimethylammonium compounds increased with the growth. In Sepia esculenta, as shown in Table 4 and Fig. 2, amounts of free amino acids decreased with the growth, and trimethylamine oxide increased rapidly during autumn and winter when the squid grew up.
    On the basis of these results, it was assumed that a retaining mechanism of trimethylamine oxide may effectively operate during a season when amounts of free amino acids rapidly decreased and squids grow up in size, for some purposes such as osmoregulation in squid muscle.
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  • Michinori YAMAGA, Kazuma MORIOKA
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1104-1108
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To find better antioxidants to prevent the discoloration of red fishes, various chemicals were tested. Judging their effects by the use of carotene, red pepper pigment and pigment extracts of sea-bream and gurnard, some antioxidants were selected and applied on frozen or ice-kept red fishes.
    For sea-bream and its allies a treatment of dipping the fish for several minutes in 0.01-0.05% solution of α-naphthylamine was found to be most effective.
    For gurnard a treatment of dipping the fish for several minutes in 0.05-0.2% solution of n-propyl gallate was found to be most effective.
    The fact that the suitable antioxdant differs depending on the kind of fish is an interesting phenomenon which may be ascribable to the kinds and condition of occurrence of the carotenoid pigments.
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  • Tetuo TOMIYAMA, Kunio KOBAYASHI, Seiya FUJINO
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1109-1112
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the course of study on chlortetracycline (CTC)-residue in the antibiotic-treated food, a possibility was presumed that CTC-residue of salt-dried fish might give a lower value probably due to the inactivation of CTC by oxidized oil, or might give a higher value due to the growth inhibition of the assay organism by the presence of sodium chloride in a sample extract. Furthermore, experiences in our laboratory revealed that the inhibitory zone size became smaller in hot season. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to modify the procedure so that the method can deal with such sample possessing salt and fatty acid peroxide and also can give a higher sensitivity even at high room temperature.
    It was shown that a factor responsible for the inactivation of CTC probably peroxidic free radical occurred markedly when the concentration of acetone was increased. It was observed that when acetone-citrate extractant was employed, salt effect occurred in a sodium chloride concentration range above 2%. It was found that the error due to the presence of salt and the inactivating factor can be removed by employing an aqueous M/50 citrate buffer (pH 5.2) as the extractant of CTC from sample. Assay sensitivity at higher room temperature was increased when the assay plate was refrigerated 30 minutes before and after placing a sample extract into the cylinder.
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  • Haruo SHINANO
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1113-1122
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A large number of samples, water for the study of microorganisms, were obtained on the occasions of the cruises of the “Ryofu Maru” and “Oshoro Maru” in the North Pacific extending to the Bering Sea, Aleutian region, east off the Japan Proper Island, south off the Japan Proper Island and East China Sea during the years 1959-60.
    A total of 801 samples which were taken from various depths down to about 3000meters were placed to this study. For isolation of marine yeasts the medium adopted was ZOBELL 2216-E, and the classification of yeasts was made according to the method of LODDER and VAN RIJ. In this paper are reported species of yeasts identified, their distribution with geographical areas and depths, and the results of experiments on their growth in relation to the salinity, pH value and temperature conditions.
    One hundred forty-four isolates comprised of species belonging to genera, Rhodotorula, Torulopsis, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces, Sporoboromyces or Candida. Among them species belonging to Rhodotorula were most abundantly and widely distributed. The number of isolated was larger than elsewhere at the layers of 0m, 100-150m and 750m depths, while it was very small below 1000meters. There was no difference of growth between marine and terrestrial strain at low saline media (0-5%), but the marine species grew better than in terrestrial strains at high saline media (7-9%).
    The marine species did not grow better than in terrestrial strains at low pH value (pH 2), but no difference of growth between them at high pH value (pH 4-12). There was a tendency to inhibition of growth by high temperature (37°C.) in marine strains, compared with terrestrial strains.
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  • DIFFERENCE IN THE THICKNESS AND IN THE CONTENT OF NITROGEN IN KOMBU BLADE, LAMINA
    Ayako OKUMURA, Yuko TAMURA, Keiichi OISHI, Kiichi MURATA
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1123-1127
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A survey was made on the difference in the thickness and in the content of nitrogen found in various positions of a blade of kombu, Laminaria japonica, which was harvested from Hakodate in August 1961. The sampled positions on the blade are shown in Fig. 1. The results of survey are given in Tables 1 and 2, and in Figs. 2 and 3. As known in the above tables and figures, the parts of the blade near to the base and stipe are richer in nitrogen and are larger in thickness than the marginal and apical parts. As was reported in the previous paper1) by Oishi et at, the base and stipe of a blade are better in quality than the margins and apex. Consequently it may be concluded that the quality of the parts on a blade depends closely upon its thickness and nitrogen content.
    The average values of thickness and nitrogen content in the various parts, - stipe, base, center, margins, and apex are exhibited in Table 3. These values will also indicate the degree of quality of kombu parts.
    The correlation coefficient (γ) between thickness and nitrogen content was 0.530, showing a positive correlation between them.
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  • EFFECT OF SOME FOOD PRESERVATIVES UPON GROWTH OF TAKIKAWA's SO-CALLED PATHOGENIC HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
    Tomoaki OKITSU, Toshiharu KAWABATA
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1128-1132
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, attention has been paid to the so-called “pathogenic halophilic bacteria” as a possible cause of food poisoning with symtoms of acute gastro-enteritis from eating fish in summer season.
    In the present work, the effect of several food preservatives including tetracycline antibiotics upon the growth of TAKIKAWA's pathogenic halophiles has been examined.
    The results obtained may be summarized as follows:
    (1) The minimal growth inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the test organisms by vari-ous drugs determined in the 3% NaCl containing Difco's nutrient broth of pH 7.0 are:
    Nitrofnrazone (NFS)………………… 1.3×10-5-2×10-4M
    Nitrofurylacrilic amide (NFA)…………3.1×10-6-5×10-5M
    Chlortetracycline (CTC) ……………0.39-1.5ppm
    Oxytetracycline (OTC)……………0.78-3ppm
    (2) The growth of the organisms were inhibited with much less dose of NFA or CTC in either squid or tuna flesh infusion as compared with those determined in the 3% NaCI broth. In the case of CTC, no appreciable difference was observed in the MIC between the value obtained in the squid and tuna infusion, while the MIC of NFA in the squid infusion was lower than that in the tuna infusion.
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  • Usio SIMIDU, Kazuyoshi AISO
    1962 Volume 28 Issue 11 Pages 1133-1141
    Published: November 25, 1962
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An investigation of the bacterial flora of the sea water from the inshore environment of the Kamogawa Bay (Fig. 1) was carried out at the four seasons of 1961.
    The bacterial population seemed to decrease in winter and increase in other seasons (Table 2). Some 475 strains of bacteria were isolated by membrane filter method and investigated their morphological and cultural characteristics using test media containing 3% of NaCl.
    For cultures isolated in winter, optimun temperatures for growth were relatively low and the greater part of them failed to grow at 37°C. (Table 5). Most of them (82% of the isolates) were sea-water-loving (halophilic) species showing the optimal growth at about 3% of NaCI concentration and no visible growth of these isolates was occurred at NaC1 concentration lower than 0.1%. Remaining one fifth of the cultures showed good growth on the media oontaining less than 0.1% of NaCl and had no marked optimum growth range for NaCl concentration.
    Distinct differences in the distribution of bacterial genera was observed between halophilic and non-halophilic bacteria, halophilic group was mainly consisted of Pseudomonas, Achromo-bacter, Vibrio, and Photobacterium, while dominant genera in non-halophilic group were Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Bacillus and Flavobacterium. (Table 6).
    The composition of the bacterial flora analyzed according to the scheme of Fig. 3 was as follows; Vibrio 37.3%, Pseudomonas 29.8%, Achromobacter 21.3%, Aeromonas 0.4%, Photobacterium 0.4%, Flavobacterium 2.1%, Bacillus 5.5%, Micrococcus 0.4%, Coryneforms (Pseudobacterium) 0.4% and Miscellaneous 2.3% (Table 6).
    Among the isolated cultures, a species of Vivrio, possessing the charecteristics similar to those of the “pathogenic halophile which was isolated from the patients of a gastroenteric disease”, constituted considerable proportions through a year.
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