NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
Volume 29, Issue 7
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • RECIPROCAL CROSSES BETWEEN BIWIA ZEZERA AND GNATHOPOGON ELONGATUS ELONGATUS
    Ryo SUZUKI
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 655-657
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) The reciprocal crosses between Biwia zezera and Gnathopogon elongatus elongatus are successful and hybrids are reared to reach the adult stage with the similar survival rate to the controls.
    2) The hybrids are not only intermediate morphologically but also have nicely intermediate behavior between their parental forms.
    3) All hybrid males are completely sterile, while hybrid females have some ovarian eggs.
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  • DIRECT OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRATHIN SECTIONS OF A NACREOUS LAYER PEARL BY USING A DIAMOND KNIFE
    Koji WADA, Toshio SAKAI
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 658-662
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    1) Ultrathin sections of Pinctada pearl without decalcifying were prepared by means of microtome using a diamond knife for direct observation of the architectural and crystalline structures of the mineralized tissues in molluscs.
    2) The essential structure of the nacre in pearls was representative of alternating layer of elemental mineral lamella and organic membrane, the former being about 0.24-0.50μ and the latter less than 0.03μ, in thickness.
    3) Ordinary accumulation of several similar mineral lamellae appears to form a zonal layer which alternates obscurely periodically with other different zones.
    4) The nacre of the pearl has the double fiber structure where the orthorhombic c axis of aragonite crystals is oriented almost perpendicularly to mineral lamellae.
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  • Yukio NOSE
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 663-666
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    When two-release tagging design, such that the first tagged fish (X1) are released some time (τ unit intervals) before fishing starts and the second release (X2) is done just before fishing starts, is used, the natural mortality coefficient (M) may be estimated by the tagged ratio method as follows.
    M=(A2-A5)+ln(X2/X1)/τ-T
    Where A1 and A2 are Y-intercepts of linear regression lines of logarithmic value of sample tagged ratios on time respectively, and T is the tag diminution coefficient which is supposed to be constant and is also estimated simultaneously.
    An example for calculation by this method is also shown.
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  • Yasuo ITAZAWA
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 667-674
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The ossification sequences of the vertebral column were observed in the carp and the snake-head fish.
    Features common to both species are:
    (1) Ossification of both centra and processes proceeded backwards as a rule.
    (2) A bone ossified later than both its anterior and posterior members in serial bones was assumed as being unable to reach the comparable size of the neighboring bones and as often developing into a modified form.
    (3) A few vertebrae just anterior to the urostyle ossified latest in the vertebral column, and often developed into modified forms.
    Characteristic differences between both species are:
    (1) In the carp, centra in most vertebrae ossified prior to the corresponding processes, while in the snake-head fish, processes ossified always prior to the corresponding centra.
    (2) Ossification of the 1st and 2nd vertebrae in the carp, i. e. precursors of the Weberian apparatus, was delayed for a short period, while such a delay was not seen in the snake-head fish.
    (3) In the carp, the urostyle was formed by fusion of a few separate bones, while in the snake-head fish it developed as one elongated bone from the beginning.
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  • APPLICATION OF ANTIOXIDANT PREPARATION CONTAINING SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS (PART 2) THE MOMENT DIPPING METOD FOR PROTECTING SALTED FISHES
    Kenzo TOYAMA, Kuman SARUYA
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 675-681
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    As an effective method for protecting some marine products from their oil oxidation, the authors have previously presented a novel technique“moment dipping method” so they called.1) In the present part of work, wherein salted saury was used as sample, this method was investigated in its aspect of cleaver usage, results being summerized as follows:
    1) After long storage, the samples treated with BHT-preparations proved to have been far better preserved than those treated with BHA-preparations in agreement with the results previously obtained for alamaki (a sort of mildly salted salmon)4).
    2) BHA- and BHT-preparations exhibited their efficacy more strongly when used in combination than separately.
    3) BHT was found more effective when used as an emulsion of high concentration than used as powder mixed with salt. This difference may have arisen likely from a better contact of antioxidant.
    4) As to the amount of antioxidant the fish acquire in treating them by the moment dipping method, chemical estimation indicated that, while it varied truly in according to the concentration of the antioxidant bath employed, a sufficiently effective fixation is generally secured with ease.
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  • THE REACTIONS OF FISHES TO HYDROGEN ION
    Shinya ISHIO
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 682-690
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Several investigators have observed the behavior of fishes in acid gradients1)-6). No one succeeded, however, to associate the behavior of fish with concentrations of hydrogen ion because of either interfering action due to carbonic acid resulted from adding strong acid to natural water or complexity of acid gradients owing to the structural defects of their test tank. Hence, the author attempted to study the reactions of fishes to hydrogen ion excluding such troubles as mentioned above. A newly designed gradient tank (Fig. 1) was used in this study for establishing gradients of concentrations of hydrogen ion in horizontal way but not in vertical way. The usual buffer of bicarbonate and carbonic acid in test water was previously replaced by a buffer of mono-and dibasic phosphate for removing the interference of carbonic acid. This water was supplied to the tank in such way as illustrated in Fig. 1. Usually eleven fishs were placed in it and acclimatized overnight. Then 0.025N hydrochloric acid was injected to the test stream. The behavior of fish was checked every two and half minutes during the test periods of 4 to 6 hours. The concentrations of hydrogen ion were measured at appropriate intervals by a glass electrode pH meter on sample water from seven positions of the tank. Minnow, carp, wild goldfish, goldfish bitterling and dace were employed as test animals. Their scientific names and other experimental conditions were detailed in Table 1.
    In Figs. 2 to 7, the upper limits where fish were able to approach against, and then avoid of, concentrations of hydrogen ion are represented with a thin line, the mean positions where most of fish took refuge are also represented with a bold line, and the distribution of pH are indicated with iso-pH chain lines. The relationships between pH values and avoidance frequency obtained statistically from these Figs. are summerlized in Table 2. The data reveal that the limiting pH values which fish avoided with frequency of 100% range 2.75 to 3.40, the mean pH values which fish avoided with frequency of 50% range 4.20 to 5.95, and another limiting pH values which fish began to avoid with frequency just corresponding to 0% range 5.20 to 6.80. The data also show the fact that fish mostly take refuge in water with pH values higher than 6.0 after avoiding lower pH regions. In Fig. 8, the relationships between avoidance frequency and pH values are shown graphycally. When the avoidance frequency is expressed in cumulative percentage, the relation is almost linear as indicated with dotted lines except one case of bitterling. Therefore, this gives the relation of equation (1)
    dF/dpH=k'••••(1)
    and there are next relations; dpH=-d log [H+]=-0.4343•d ln [H+]=-0.4343•d[H+]/[H+].
    Therefore, equation (1) gives equation (2).
    dF/d[H+]=k/[H+]••••(2)
    where dF is the change of avoidance frequency, d[H+] is the unit change of concentration of hydrogen ion, and [H+] is the surrounding concentration of hydrogen ion. Apparently equation (2) represents Weber-Fechner's law in psychology. Although avoidance behavior of fishes have seemed to obey All or None law in physiology as supported by some data3)-50 which assigned narrow ranges or constant values to the avoidance concentrations of strong acid, the broad regions of avoidance pH in Table 2 and the relation of equation (2) prove that the avoidance behavior of fishes to hydrogen ion obey Weber-Fechner's law. We can define the discriminatory sensitivity of fish to concentrations of hydrogen ion as dF/d[H+].
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  • FEEDING TRIALS OF ABALONE, HALIOTIS DISCUS REEVE, WITH ARTIFICIAL DIETS
    Chinkichi OGINO, Eisuke OHTA
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 691-694
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The feeding trials of abalone, Haliotis discus REEVE, was conducted in aquariums with dried brown alga, Undaria pinnatifida, and with artificial diets not containing seaweeds for several months. The composition of the diets used in the present studies is shown in Table 1. A white fish meal was used as a protein source of artificial diets. The method of preparation of artificial diets fed was as follows: suitable quantities of water were added to the powdered diet containing sodium alginate, the pasty material thus obtained was coated on glass plate and then it was dipped in aqueous solution of CaCl2. By this treatment of diet, sodium alginate was converted to insoluble calcium alginate-gel in which various nutrients were kept. The results of feeding trials are shown in Fig. 1 and Tables 2 and 3. The larvae of abalone could utilize artificial diet containing no seaweeds and showed a good response of growth. The growth of abalone, however, was influenced more or less by the content of protein in the diets. The shell of abalone formed newly was green in color in all kinds of diets used.
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  • Keishi AMANO, Kinjiro YAMADA, Masamichi BITO
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 695-701
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this work indicated in the title was motivated by the request of the Sanitary Inspection Office of Tokyo Fish Market and related agencies. Because sanitary check conducted at the market in December 1961 was led a suspicion that formaldehyde or its causative agents might have been used for an amount of cod, Gadus macrocephalus landed in frozen state from some parts of the Northern North Pacific.
    In the experiments the authors carried out to clarify the point, a major portion of materials used consisted of the cod and Alaska pollock, Theragra chalcogramma which were either caught at the sea in question or caught in coastal waters off Japan. The conclusion from the experiments is that these species of fish almost always contain an amount of formaldehyde by nature. This is based on the following evidences.
    1) Before confirming the presence of formaldehyde, preliminary tests were performed by both Rimini's reaction and a method modified by Yanagisawa and Maruyama from Hehner's. The test solution was prepared by distilling filtrate of fish meat which was made free from protein and other disturbing substances by adding sulphuric acid and phosphotungstic acid to meat samples each from different species of fish.
    Among various fishes examined, the cod and the Alaska pollock positively reacted to the both tests (Table 1), with the reaction observed in the sample solutions not only of the muscle but also of other tissues of these species (Table 2).
    2) In the subsequent experiments to identify the substance reacting to the tests, phosphotungstic acid was added to the cod meat to eliminate protein and then it was filtered. In the presence of dimedone added to the filtrate, needle crystals of formaldimedone were obtained (Table 3).
    3) Quantitative determination of formaldehyde was carried out by Nash's method for various tissues and parts of the cod and Alaska pollock, such as skin, muscle, liver, pyloric caeca, gonads, intestine, stomach and stomach contents. A maximal level of the formaldehyde contained in the muscle was 15mg% (Tables 4 and 5).
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  • Noriyuki ENOMOTO, Yukio TOMIYASU
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 702-708
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The curcuma test paper was found by the authors to be available for the purpose of detecting directly boric acid added to Kamaboko as preservatives. A modified method was devised not only to be applied directly to Kamaboko without laying it in ashes but also to detect boric acid sensibly up to the concentration of 0.02% in Kamaboko.
    The modified curcuma test paper is prepared as follows: Dissolve 0.04g. of curcumin and 3g. of oxalic acid in 100cc. of acetone, then add conc. hydrochloric acid to the solution at the rate of 0.8cc.to 5cc. of it. Soak a qualitative filter paper into the above solution and dry at the room temperature.
    In order to detect boric acid in Kamaboko, press a suitable size of Kamaboko section on the modified curcuma test paper, and allow to stand for 5min. or heat at 50°-60°. When red colour (the colour of curcumin-boron complex) is detected on the yellow test paper, it can be judged that the Kamaboko contains boric acid. The level of boric acid contained can be estimated approximately from the intensity of red colour.
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  • Kosaku SUZUKI
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 709-712
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Taken up out of procedures of determinations reported separately by KOMATSU and YASUDA mainly for serum cholesterol, several parts applicable to samples other than serum have been examined experimentally. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
    1) When the alkaline solution containing cholesterol, for example the saponification mixture of a sample, is neutralized before addition of digitonin, acetic acid is preferable as a neutralization agent to hydrochloric acid. Strict neutralization is not always essential, so far as acetic acid is used for neutralization.
    2) When evaporation of the solvent is carried out to isolate cholesterol dissolved in the mixture of acetic acid and ether according to Yasuda's procedure, it has to be done in the atmosphere of an inert gas such as carbondioxide.
    3) Color reaction is performed better by the shaker of compound type (Fig. 1) than by the usual one of single type in regard to intensity, precision of color developed and actual handling.
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  • Akio KANAZAWA
    1963 Volume 29 Issue 7 Pages 713-731
    Published: July 25, 1963
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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