日本水産学会誌
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
30 巻, 2 号
選択された号の論文の15件中1~15を表示しています
  • 高野 秀昭
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 89-94
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    During the years from 1951 to 1957, microplankton were collected at three coastal stations: one being near an offshore set-net at Manazuru, Kanagawa Prefecture, and the others, one nautical mile off the coast of either Katsuura, Chiba Prefecture, or Kanminato, Hachijo Island. Fifty-meter vertical hauls of a quantitative net (conical net of Hensen type, 22.5cm in diameter at the month, 1m long, made of bolting silk of 128 meshes per linear inch) were carried out 1-3 times per mouth at those stations.
    Each sample was preserved in formalin solution, shaken and left standing for 24 hours to measure the settled volume for observing seasonal changes in the quantity. The main re-sults obtained are as follows:
    1) In addition to the outbursts of phytoplankton in spring (around March) and in autumn (September), summer vegetation of diatoms was commonly observed at Manazuru. The settled volume, usually less than 10cc, was found greater than 100cc in the flowering periods. Slight multiplication of microplankton in winter (January) and great flowering in summer were found in some years (Fig. 1).
    2) At Katsuura, increment and decrease of microplankton were repeated from March to June. Then prominent outbursts commonly took place in summer (July). Autumnal incre-ment in September was also considerably great. The settled volume, though it was frequently less than 20cc, all at once attained to 200cc in summer (Fig. 2).
    3) Excluding special cases, microplankton quantity was very small at Hachijo Island every year. The settled volume was usually less than 5cc, did not exceed 20cc even at the maximum (Fig. 3). Diatoms increased sporadically in all the seasons except the warmest pe-riod of water temperature.
    Conclusively, though there were different patterns of seasonal changes of microplankton quantity depending on years and stations, summer flowering of phytoplankton around July was remarkable at all the stations, and was sometimes greater than the vernal outburst in the same year.
  • 五十嵐 清
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 95-103
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The formation of the scutes in three-spined sticleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus LINNAEUS does not arise until the fish grows to 15mm in total length. When the fish reachs to the length about 15mm, four primary scale-like particle shaped scutes appear on the shoulder region. From there the scute formation runs toward the anterior and posterior directions and finally they complete the anterior series of scutes. Apart from these anterior scutes, new posterior scutes appear on the posterior region of the side of caudal peduncle when the fish grows to the length of about 20mm, the scute formation running from there mainly in the posterior direction, and after a while they complete the posterior series of scutes. At last when the fish grows to about 40mm, both anterior and posterior series of scutes are connected at about the anterior region from the side of caudal peduncle of the fish body, and they completed the lateral line series of so-called “Trachura type”.
    The fact that this fish has double centers in scale formation-formerly pointed out by K. IKEDA (1934)-will be quite a unique instance in comparison with that of many other Teleo-stean fishes.
    When the fish reaches to about 30 mm in length, the anterior scutes develop to feather-like rhombic shape, the number of which counts 21-24, and posterior scutes develop to the caudal keel, the number of which counts 7-10. The total number of scutes of the landlocked form of this species counts 31-34.
    The developmental process of the scutes of Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus LINNAEUS fundamentally resembles that of Pungtius pungitius (LINNAEUS), but the construction of the scutes and the number of the center of scute formation of the former are more complicated than those of the latter, because the former has many papillae on the lateral ridges and double scutes formation. This shows that this species is phylogenetically slightly apart from Genus centers inPungitius.
  • 桑谷 幸正
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 104-113
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Rearing of the yearling pearl oyster, Pinctada martensii (DUNKER), of 24-26mm. in average shell hight (see Table 1), were tried mainly on the diet of Skeletonema costatum, during two months from April 13 to June 13, 1963. A series of six glass vessels (see Fig. 1), A-F, each containing sea water of about five liter and equipped with a filter bed, circulating and aerating apparatus, was set in a thermostatic box kept within a range 20-23°C. The culture sea water was changed daily with fresh ones. Ten individuals of the oyster were put in each culture vessel.
    Food plankton was prepared in the medium shown in Table 2. 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50 and 20ml. of suspension containing 200×104 cells per ml. of plankton were daily supplied in dropping within one or two hours into culture vessels respectively, after being diluted into one liter with fresh culture medium. In the culture period of 62 days the oysters were fed for 39 days with Skeletonema costatum and for 9 days with Nitzschia sp.
    The growth of shell was estimated by following measurements:
    1) Increase in whole weight of the oysters weighed submerged in the sea water. The density of soft part of the oyster is almost alike to that of sea water, therefore the increase in under water weight will present the increase in shell weight (see Fig. 3).
    2) Increase in volume of shell, calcalated by the formula, shell hight×length×width (see Fig. 4).
    3) Weight of marginal part of the shell, which was formed in the course of the experi-ment (see Fig. 5).
    4) Weight of old part of the shell measured at the end of the experiment by initial shell volume, which will present the growth of shell valves in thickness (see Fig. 6). They make sigmoid curves against the plankton supply in logarithmus.
    The growth of soft part of the oyster was estimated by measuring, the dry weight of whole meat and adductor muscle by last volume of the shell. They make approximately linear relation against the food supply in logarithmus (see Fig. 7, a and b). From these results, the followings are considered;
    A) Skeletonema contatum is useful as food for the pearl oyster.
    B) To maintain the initial condition of the oyster the plankton supply of 20×104 cells×(39/62-48/62) per day seems necessary.
    C) The growth rate of the oyster is the greatest when the plankton supply was 108 cells per day. The amount would make a concentration of 2×105 cells per ml., if the plankton was added at a stretch. But in the experiment it was supplied in dropping within one or two hours, therefore the plankton concentration would be much lower than the upper figure. The food supply in a greater concentration seems of no effect to raise the growth rate.
  • ハマチの細菌性疾病について(その1)
    木村 正雄
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 114-121
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Among a batch of small specimens of yellow tail transferred to a fish farm of Miyazaki Prefecture from Kochi Prefecture the majority were found suffering from the same disease which proved to be a bacterial one as given in the following lines:-
    1. Diseased fish were mottled black on back from anterior border of first dorsal to post-erior border of second dorsal as well as on lateral side of trunk. Bad appetite and anemia were prevalent; sometimes ulcer was seen in alimentary canal and on epidermis.
    2. Blood congestion and swelling were evident in liver and kidney. Softening and weak-ening of their tissues increased with advancement of the disease.
    3, General dilatation of sinusoid occurred inliver accompanied by pycnosis of nucleus of liver cell, Necrobiosis of liver cells spread along blood cell wall.
    4. Shrinkage of renal corpuscles and their disintegration of urinary tubules, coupled with their degenerative fat-infiltration were also in the picture.
    5. Sporadically necrobiosis was found along blood vessels of spleen. Ellipsoid tissue was degenerated and vaguely defined from red marrow.
    6. Very remarkable catarrhal inflammation in the alimentary canal was seen, its inten-sity being worthy of noticing.
    7. A kind of pathogenic bacteria (gram.negative, short rod-like one) was isolated from spleen and muscle of diseased fish and successfully inoculated in intact specimens of the same species and allied forms to cause similar symptoms, but less, sometimes not at all, in other remotely related teleosts.
  • 中込 淳
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 122-126
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The author has studied on the relation between monthly variation of hooking-rate of yellowfin tuna and that of surface water temperture and between annual variation of hooking-rate of the fish and that of surface water temperature, in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean.
    The data on hooking-rate and surface water temperature had already been provided for the purpose of studying seasonal variation and annual variation of hooking-rate.
    The hooking-rate and surface water temperature in Fig. 2 are mean monthly, sub-area values for period from 1957 to 1962 which have been calculated and obtained from values having been given by month and by latitudinal and longitudinal division by 5°.
    The hooking-rate and surface water temperature in Fig. 5 are mean annual values calculated and obtained from values given by month and by sub-area.
    The auther has obtained the following results:
    1) The monthly variation of hooking-rate of the fish has been concerned with that of surface water temperature; the hooking-rate was high in periods when the surface water temperature was high and low in periods when the surface water temperature was low (Fig. 2, Fig. 3).
    2) The annual variation of hooking-rate of the fish has been concerned with that of surface water temperature; the hooking-rate was high in years when the surface water temperature was high and low in years when the surface water temperature was low (Fig. 5).
    3) Accordingly it is presumed that the hooking rate will be high in any period and year when the surface water temperature is high, and low in any period and year when the surface water temperature is high, and low in any period and year when the surface water temperature is low.
    4) But the monthly variation of the hooking-rate has been reversely concerned with that of surface water temperature in area E; the hooking-rate was low in periods when the surface water temperature was high. Also the annual variation of the hooking-rate has not been concerned with that of surface water temperature in areas F and H.
    5) In view of all above it is presumed that the width of adaptability of yellowfin tuna to water temperature is very large.
  • 和田 浩爾
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 127-131
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    1) Growth hills on the inner surface of the calcitostracum in Chlamys nobilis were observed with optical and electron microscopes and discussed in comparison with those in Anomia lischkei and Ostrea gigas.
    2) Growth hills occurred in the central area of the shell valve as in A. lischkei and O. gigas.
    3) The relation between crystal structure and habit was determined from elctron diffraction patterns.
    4) Characteristic spiral growth hill as in the other calcitic shells reported previously was never found in the Chlamys shell.
    5. The mechanism of development of the growth hill in calcitic shells was discussed.
    6) It is possible to the epitaxial growth of mineral crystal and organic matrix.
  • 方解石の結晶構造
    和田 浩爾
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 132-136
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    1) Crystal and submicroscopic structures of the calcite constructed near the top of growth hills were observed on the Ostrea shell with an electron microscope.
    2) The calcite occurs in various crystalline states among different parts of a single hill.
    3) The top of a hill, in general, consists of amorphous calcite.
    4) Parallel imbricated calcite crystals emitted radially from the top of a hill dispose in the dendritic arrangement just like a spherulite.
  • 鈴木 亮, 三矢 和夫
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 137-140
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to induce artificially the spawning of the mud loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), the mature females were injected with Gonatropin, Serotropin, Ovahormon, Synahorin and Prehormon.
    By the injection of 100 unit or more of Gonatropin per one female, the fish spawned within 15 hours after the injection in the rate of 57 to 73 per cent. The hatchability of the eggs thus obtained was 60 to 78 per cent. None of the females, however, was spawned by the other kinds of hormone.
    Six kinds of food were used to determine the useful one for rearing the fry. So that, it was found that “Nippai” powdered food for the carp fry was the most effective material for growth of the loach fry.
  • 褐藻中のアルギン酸定量法の検討
    原田 悠三
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 141-146
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The results obtained through investigation of various methods for the determination of alginic acid in brown algae are as follows:
    1) JENSEN's method gives higher values in alginic acid content in some species of brown algae.
    2) Titrimetric method gives lower values in alginic acid content in some species of brown algae. This may due to imperfect extraction of alginic acid in algae.
    3. JENSEN's method is modified, and this modified method gives reliable values. The procedure is as follows; organic acids and carbonates in brown algae are extracted at first by alkali ethanol, and then by hydrochloric acid, and alginic acid in the extraction residue is determined by decarboxylation method.
    4) In order to shorten the time for the determination of alginic acid in brown algae, decomposition method by caustic alkali is adopted. The results obtained by this method agree with those of the modified JENSEN's method, and the time for the determination of this method is reduced to about one-third of that of the modified JENSEN's method.
  • 魚肉ソーセージのスポット形成菌の有するNFS耐性について
    興津 知明, 河端 俊治, 小嶋 秩夫
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 147-152
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The organisms causing a type of deterioration of fish sausage by forming spots on the surface of fish sausage during storage were found to be B. coagulans by YOKOZEKI3) of the Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Station. It was also disclosed by the present authors4) that these organisms were highly resistant to nitrofurazone (NFS), a food preservative being permitted legally in Japan for keeping the quality of fish paste products such as “kamaboko”.
    According to OKA6), 7), the mechanism of growth inhibitory action of NFS to the NFS susceptible organisms might be due to the reduction of nitro-group in the NFS molecule, whereas, certain resistant organisms seemed to be poor or sometimes lacking in reducing ability for the furan compound. On the other hand, AMANO2) has reported that Pseudomonas fluo-rescens, one of the principal putrefactive organisms of raw fish, has a character to reduce nitro-group in the NFS molecule actively, and he concluded that the insensitivity of Pseudo-monas to NFS might be attributable to the rapid reduction of NFS in the medium.
    In the present study, comparison in the mode of destruction of NFS was carried out with 3 different types of organisms; the aforementioned NFS resistant strains of B. coagulans, NFS resistant strains of B. coagulans, NFS susceptible spore forming bacilli including sensitive B. coagulans, and naturally occurring NFS resistant strains of Pseudomonas and and Micrococcus.
    Results obtained may be summarized as follows:
    1. In a peptone medium containing NFS, the fish sausage deteriorating organisms of B. coagulans kept a high level of residual NFS in the medium even after 1 week of incubation (Fig. 1), to the contrary, the susceptible bacilli and resistant Pseudomonas and Micrococcus decomposed NFS completely within a period of 2 to 3 days (Figs. 2 and 3).
    2. This tendency has become more valid when the experiments using washed cells sus-pension of these organisms were conducted, viz., no appreciable reduction of NFS occurred in the cells of resistant B. coagulans, while rapid reduction was noted either in the suscep-tible B. coagulans or in the resistant Pseudomonas (Table 1).
    3. These findings mentioned above may suggest the necessity of further detailed studies on the mechanism of nitrofurazone resistance by certain type of bacteria.
  • 新間 弥一郎, 田口 脩子
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 153-160
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    For analysis of fatty acid composition nine common and marketable species of shellfish were selected in January, 1963, at Tsukiji Wholesale Market, Tokyo. Total sterol content was determined as cholesterol by the Sperry-Schoenheimer modification of the Liebermann-Burchard reaction. An average of 93mg of sterol was found per 100g of viscera-free tissue (Table 1).
    Fatty acids were analyzed on a gas-chromatograph equipped with a diethylene glycol suc-cinate polyester column (Fig. 1). Table 2 shows the relative retention volumes of standard fatty acids. On chromatograms of samples, three peaks appeared having relative retention volumes of 81.5, 405, and 610. From chromatograms of the urea complex filtrate and unsa-ponifiable matters, these peaks were presumed to be C18 aldehyde, C22:2 and C22:4 fatty acids, respectively (Table 3, Figs. 2 and 3).
    Although each species of shellfish showed its own pattern of fatty acid composition as shown in Table 4, general aspects of all patterns could be summarized as follows:
    1) C15 odd acid was recorded at 2.3-4.9 per cent as much as C14 saturated acid.
    2) The level of C16 saturated acid, which was found as the largest component in seven out of the nine samples, was 30 per cent in hen clam and nearly 20 per cent in other samples. Cl8:1 and C22:6 fatty acids, which are often found in large quantities in fish muscle lipids, contributed less than 20 per cent of the total.
    3) Among the species tested, top-shell, abalone, and kid-abalone belong to gastropoda and take seaweeds as their food, while six others belong to pelecypoda and are known as plankton feeders. Between these groups, the seaweed feeders had larger amounts of C20:4 and C22:5 fatty acids than the plankton feeders, but in case of C22:6, vise versa.
  • 森 幹男, 岩切 泰子, 小沢 昭夫, 柴田 繁子
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 161-169
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Many reports 1-9) so far-published on the compositions of fatty acids and fatty alcohols of sperm whale oil were based on fractional distillation, except one14) in which gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was applied to the analyses of sperm whale alcohol.
    The present study was undertaken to establish the analytical method of fatty acids and fatty alcohols in sperm whale oil by GLC. Peaks in chromatogram were tentatively identified by comparison of their retention time with those of the synthesized reference substances including members with odd numbers of carbon atoms (Table 1), by behavior following hydrogenation (Figs. 2 and 3), and by use of a plot of logarithm of retention time vs. carbon chain length (Fig. 1).
    The relative responses of methyl esters and acetyl esters for the thermal conductivity detector were calibrated by using a mixture of synthesized reference substances and were used for correction of peak area.
    The compositions of fatty acids and fatty alcohols were determined on several kinds of sperm whale oil listed in Table 2 and the results are given in Tables 7 and 8. No marked difference was observed among the specimens from different places of catch, but the present data are a little lower in the concentrations of major components than those reported in the past, probably due to the presence of components with odd numbers of carbon atoms. Beaked whale oil revealed higher concentration of eicosenic acid and oleyl alcohol and the concent-ration of palmitic acid and cetyl alcohol was lower than that contained in sperm whale oil. Also the beaked whale oil contained docosenol which was found be absent in sperm whale oil.
  • トコロテンのpH価調整による“ダンカン”防止について
    藤沢 浩明
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 170-178
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The present study was designed to ascertain the effects of lowering pH value of “tokoroten” on the growth of organisms and on the spoilage of “tokoroten” and agar. In this study, the effects of sulfuric acid on the jelly strength of “tokoroten” and agar and on the occur-rence of discoloration during the storage of agar, were also examined.
    The results obtained are shown in Tables 1-9, and summarized as follows:
    1) The growth of Pseudomonas lacunogenes, which is an agar decomposing bacterium and causative principally in the spoilage, is remarkably inhibited below pH 5.3.
    2) In the mixed culture of bacteria isolated from the spoilt “tokoroten”, their growth is remarkably inhibited below pH 4.5.
    3) In order to prevent the spoilage of “tokoroten”, the lowering pH value of “tokoroten” is remarkably effective.
    4) The “tokoroten” having lower pH value is not different from that having the usual pH value with respect to the jelly strength, but the jelly strength of the former decreases considerably in comparison with one of the latter, when both “tokoroten” are dissoluted by heating and are recoagulated. The agar prepared from the former also is not different from that prepared from the latter in the jelly strength.
    Therefore, sulfuric acid for lowering pH value should be added to “tokoroten” sol after the process of filtering.
    5) Agar prepared from such a “tokoroten” is discolored with the lapse of time during the storage, but it is bleached from this discoloration if it is treated for 60 minutes by the 1/1, 000 solution of sodium hypochlorite as available chlorine.
  • 新間 弥一郎, 田口 脩子
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 179-188
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    A difference between compositions of the fatty acids has been discussed in another paper in this issue dealing with the meat of two kinds of shellfish, gastropoda and pelecypoda. It is inferable that non-depot lipids of fish flesh might have their own specific composition pat-terns of fatty acids according to their living environments or food habits. Thirty-six kinds of materials including shark, bony fish, and their processed products, were purchased from the market to study the patterns. Lipids were extracted from dorsal muscle which usually contains depot lipids less in amount than the flesh of other parts. Total cholesterol and fatty acid composition were examined in the same manner as described for shellfish.
    The following are the results from the data shown in Tables 1 and 2.
    1) In the dorsal flesh cholesterol content varied from 9.5mg of flying fish to 72mg of pond smelt; though the majority of sea fish had it in the range of 40±10mg, rainbow trout, loach, and pond smelt showed it with slightly higher value of 70-72mg.
    2) Lipids of dorsal flesh showed less contents of such fatty acids as C14 saturated, C16:1, C18:1, and C20:1, and more quantity of C22:6, than the lipids of ventral flesh.
    3) A pattern of fatty acid composition shown in Table 3 was obtained by averaging the results from seventeen marine bony fish and three cured products which had less than 1% of oil contents in the dorsal flesh and more than 15% of C22:6 fatty acid in the lipids.
    4) In case of inshore bottom fish, C22:6 acid was found around one tenth of total acids. Two species of shark had a resemblance in fatty acid composition between them (Fig. 4), but those were different from the pattern of Table 3.
    5) Fresh water fish, such as loach and sweet smelt, contained 1.3-2.5% of C22:6 acid with a distinct amount of C18:3 acid which was scarcely present in sea fish (Figs. 1 and 2). In the meat of rainbow trout and pond smelt, however, C22:6 acid reached to 14.9-28.9%, almost similar in amount to the acid found in marine fish (Fig. 3).
  • 清水 潮, 相磯 和嘉
    1964 年 30 巻 2 号 p. 189-196
    発行日: 1964/02/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Bacteriological studies have been conducted on the fish sausages deteriorated with the surface spoilage such as gassiness, softening of tissue and various types of spots. These types of spoilage have been often encountered when the fish sausages stored at higher than 30°C although they contain a high concentration of nitrofurazone.
    The presence of large numbers of Gram positive bacteria was observed in the surface areas of gassy or softened sausages. The cores of the spots was found to consist of masses of Gram positive bacteria grown in the enmeshing structure of the tissue (Plate I, 1-5).
    Most of the cultures isolated from the spoiled sausages classified into three distinct groups of genus Bacillus, i. e. B. coagulans, B. sphaericus and a species resembling morphologically and physiologically to B. firmus except for its anaerobic production of gas from nitrate, in-ability to hydrolyze starch and non-inhibitory growth to glucose media (Table 2 and 3).
    The surface gassiness was confirmed to be due to the production of gas from nitrate by the denitrifying bacteria of the last group (Table 5 and 6, Plate I, 6-a). The bacteria of this group were also found to form spots as the result of localized growth. They also caused the softening of the sausage on its surface when large amount was inoculated (Plate I, 6-b). The members of B. coagulans as well as of B. sphaericus seemed to cause spots, and color shape of which being varied according to the materials and manufacturing conditions.
    The cultures of all three groups were found to have a high resistance against several food preservatives such as nitrofurazone, AF-2 (2-Furyl-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide), potas-sium sorbate, sodium dehydroacetate. Tylosin inhibited the growth of the isolates of B. coagulans and the denitrifying bacilli at a concentration of 0.5 p.p.m., while the Tylosin did not inhibit the growth of the isolates of B. coagulans and the denitrifying bacilli at a con-centration of 0.5 p.p.m., while the Tylosin did not inhibit the growth of the isolates of B. sphaericus at a concentration of 10 p.p.m. (Table 4).
feedback
Top