All issues
Volume 32, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|
-
Shun AOKI1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) The present author observed histologically the respective pearl-sac tissues forming nacreous, prismatic and periostracal pearls.
2) The epithelial cells of the pearl-sac tissues forming nacreous and prismatic pearls seem to be essentially similar to each other, except that the latter vary greatly in cell height and are slightly taller in average height in comparison with the former.
3) The epithelial cells of the pearl-sac tissue forming periostracal pearl are structurally quite different from those producing nacreous or prismatic pearl. These epithelial cells are extremely tall and cylindrical, and contain numerous acidophilic small granules in the cytoplasm. On the free end of these epithelial cells, cilia are visible under optical microscope.
4) Some of the pearl-sac epithelia forming periostracal pearls have a great number of ridges caused by the crowding of numerous wandering cells in some subepithelial regions. On the surface of the epithelium, periostracum and many necrosed cells are generally observed. These features seem to indicate that the epithelium is slightly inflamed. In the case where the inflammation worsened not only the epithelium but also its surrounding tissue may have partially fallen off due to necrosis.View full abstractDownload PDF (1631K) -
RELATION OF GRAIN SIZE OF FILTER SAND TO PURIFICATION OF BREEDING WATERKazutsugu HIRAYAMA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 11-19
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous reports1)2), it was confirmed that oxygen consumption during filtration (OCF) could be used as an index indicating the degree of purification of breeding water by filtration, and that a considerably better fit of the OCF data could be obtained by using a formula of second-order reaction.
In order to find out the relation between grain gize of the sand used for a filter and its ability to purify breeding water, in the present studies OCF of the breeding water of Suma Aquarium was determined using 3 experimental filters with sand of different grain sizes (Fig. 1).
The results obtained are as follows.
1. There is no correlation between the size of the sand grains and the constant (C0) of a second-order equation fitted to the OCF reaction (Fig. 3, Table 2).
2. The velocity constant (K) of a fitted equation is in proportion to the grain-size coef-ficient (G) of sand (Fig. 2), (Fig. 4, Table 4).
3. According to the facts mentioned above, when V, D, W, and G denote filtering velocity (cm/min), sand depth (cm), filtering area (m2) and grain-size coefficient respectively, OCF per unit time (Y mg/min) is shown by the following formula,
Y=10W/1/C0V+1/C02αGD
where CO and α are constants determined in response to the condition of water.
4. According to a previous research3) Suma Aquarium was one of the aquaria in which amount of fish per volume of water was considerably large. Therefore, the condition of breeding water of Suma Aquarium seems to be the safe limit to keeping marine fish healthily for a long time. When mean values of CO and α, obtained from many experiments on breeding water of Suma Aquarium, are applied to this formula, it may be said that Y indicates a maximum OCF obtained by filtration of breeding water with the condition of the safe limit. So, the following formula can be established,
YM=10W/0.70/V+0.95×103/GD
where YM indicates a maximum degree of purification (OCF).
From this equation, it can be deduced that when the filtering velocity in a filter is small and the grain-size coefficient of its sand is large, purification of water is accomplished mostly in its upper layer (Table 5).View full abstractDownload PDF (533K) -
RATE OF POLLUTION OF WATER BY FISH, AND THE POSSIBLE NUMBER AND WEIGHT OF FISH KEPT IN AN AQUARIUMKazutsugu HIRAYAMA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 20-27
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn previous reports1)2)3), the relation between purification of breeding water of an aquarium with closed circulating system, structure of a filter and filtering velocity was studied by using the oxygen consumption during filtration (OCF) as an index in evaluating the degree of purification.
If fish are kept well in an aquarium for a long time, a balance must be established between purification of breeding water by filtration and pollution by excretion of fish and by feeding. Therefore, the oxygen consumption during filtration corresponds to the rate of pollution of breeding water.
The present studies were carried out to find out the change in the rate of pollution by fish cultured with or without feeding. Sea breams, Chrysophrys major were cultured in an experimental aquarium (Fig. 1), and OCF per unit time (mg/min) were measured under various culturing conditions.
The rate of pollution expressed in OCF (Xmg/min) was found to have the following relation to the body weight of fish (B g) and to the amount of food per day (F g, day):
X=q∑j=1(Bj0.544×10-2)+0.051F,
where q is the number of fish.
From results of previous3) and present studies, fish cultured in an aquarium must he kept well for a long time, if the following relation holds in that aquarium:
p∑i=1 10Wi/0.70/Vi+0.95×103/GiDi≥q∑j-1(Bj0.544×10-2)+0.051F
where W, V, D, G and p represent area of filter bed (m2), filtering velocity (cm/min), sand lepth (cm), grain-size coefficient3) and number of filter respectively. This relation was conirmed experimentally.View full abstractDownload PDF (569K) -
Mikio OGURI, Naoko TAKADA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 28-31
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of estradiol, Solu-Cortef and parathyroid extract on the urinary and serum calcium levels of fish were investigated, using the snake-head fish, Channa argus and the following results were obtained.
1. Conspicuous elevation of total calcium level was observed in the serum of fish injected with estradiol. The elevation of total calcium level was observed also in the urine of these fish.
2. No remarkable changes were detected on the urinary and serum calcium level of fish after the injection of Solu-Cortef.
3. Slight, but statistically significant elevation of urinary and blood calcium levels was found in the fish injected with parathyroid extract.View full abstractDownload PDF (258K) -
EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL CONTROLLED LIGHT ON THE ENDOCRINES OF THE POND-CULTURED FISHYoshiharu HONMA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 32-40
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe pond-cultured annual salmonid fish, the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis T. & S., was maintained under the artificial controlled photoperiodicity, and the survival time of the fish was prolonged considerably beyond the natural life span of this species. In the present paper, merely histological description was given of the endocrine glands of the fish.
The shape of the pituitary gland shows a remarkable deformity, and many lacunae were occurred in the adenohypophysis, particularly in the rostral zone of pars distalis. The glandular cells, including many of dilated cells, located in the dorsal region of the proximal zone of pars distalis, were in the process of marked degeneration. The figure of the thyroid gland appears to be hypofunction and degeneration. Marked expansion of the head kidney was encountered, and the adrenal cortical tissue is composed of hyperplastic masses of acidophiles and of basophiles. The superficial layer of the head kidney indicates the state of severe necrosis. Inside the cardinal vein, there appears a strange structure which might be the hemangio-endothelioma.
Whole ovarian eggs were remained in a state of preovulation, and underwent the process of degeneration. Various stages in the course of formation of corpora lutea were seen. Notable lymphosarcomatous nodules, varying in size, were detected in the ovary. The atretic eggs under the process of formation of corpora lutea were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue and reticulum which maintain many lymphocytes. Sometimes, partial necrosis was developed in the central region of a large tumorous growth. Possible relation between the light rhythm and the endocrine unbalance was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1034K) -
Yoichi SHOJIMA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 41-44
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (196K) -
Masaru FUJIYA, John E. BARDACH1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 45-56
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (760K) -
NATURAL AND FISHING MORTALITY COEFFICIENTSFumio MITANI, Etsuko SHOJIMA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 57-63
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the case of assessment of fish resources, it is essential to know natural and fishing mortality coefficients of the fish resources under consideration.
In 1958, the virgin resource of the jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus (TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL), was found in the mid-region of the East China Sea, and has been intensely exploited since 1959 (Fig. 2). In consequence the yield of the fish from the East China Sea has markedly been increasing, but recently this trend has stopped and the catch remains on the same level (Fig. 1).
In the present paper is shown: (1) the corrected fishing effort (X) in terms of the number of fishing days of the purse seine of one-boat-operation type of 50-100 tons (Table 1). (2) the total mortality coefficient of the fish in each of the recent years which is acquired on the basis of the age composition of the fish caught in one day's operation by purse seine of one-boat-operation type in the East China Sea during the period from 1957 to 1963 (Tables 2 and 3).
According to WIDRIG (1954), if a series of pairs of values of fishing effort (X) and total mortality coefficient (Z) is known, equation (3) gives a linear relation between them, as shown in Fig. 3. By application of the method, estimates of natural mortality coefficient (M) and catchability coefficent (q) are obtained at a high level of 0.994 and 0.03154 per 1, 000 fishing days, respectively. The 95% confidence limits for M and q are 0.055-1.933 and -0.00491-0.07797, respectively. The estimate of M aforementioned is greater than that of F, and also correspondent to 1.32 K (“K” represents growth rate in BERTALANFFY's growth equation).
Judging from the various facts, the estimate of M in the present paper seems to give an indication of its order of magnitude.
The high level of M shows one of the characteristics of the jack mackerel fisheries in the East China Sea.View full abstractDownload PDF (428K) -
Yoshiro HASHIMOTO, Tomotoshi OKAICHI, Takeshi WATANABE, Atushi FURUKAW ...1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 64-69
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe disease of carp, which is characterized by a marked loss of flesh in the back (Fig. 1) and called “Sekoke” disease, has been a serious problem for carp culturists in Japan. Besides muscle dystrophy, loss of appetite, poor growth and high mortality have been observed as symptoms. As the disease was suspected to be a dietary one due to oxidized oil in dried silk-worm pupae used as a main ingredient of feedstuff, the relation between the disease and oxidized oil was examined.
Carp fingerlings were kept for about 120 days on the diet containing 10% of the oxidized saury oil (peroxide value 120-150), with or without DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (Table 1). In 60 days, typical signs of the disease appeared in the group receiving the oxidized oil without DL-α-tocopheryl acetate and the rate of ill fish amounted to 56% at the end of the experiment. The pathological examination revealed that the symptoms are quite identical with those observed on the fish in carp farms. The disease was effectively prevented by the addition of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (50mg/100g diet). Some results of chemical analyses on the test animals are summerized in Tables 2-4.
In connection with the feeding test, the turnover of vitamin E in carp was also examined. As seen in Fig. 2, it is very rapid and marked in hepatopancreas, while far less distinct in the muscle.View full abstractDownload PDF (991K) -
Julia ARAKAKI, Michizo SUYAMA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 70-73
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAmino acid analyses on the proteins prepared from the whole body, ordinary meat, dark meat and viscera of anchovy, Engraulis jaPonicus, were carried out by chromatography on columns of Amberlite CG-120. An imperceptible but obvious difference between the amino acid composition of ordinary meat and dark meat and characteristic pattern of composition of viscera were observed.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Taiyo Fisheries Co., Ltd. for supply of fresh anchovy.View full abstractDownload PDF (186K) -
Julia ARAKAKI, Michizo SUYAMA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 74-79
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution of free a11d conjugated amino acids in the extractives of skeletal muscle and viscera of anchovy, Engraulis japonicus, is studied by column chromatography using Amberlite CG-120. Ordinary meat and dark meat gave the same kinds of free amino acids and other constituents, but the former being richer in histidine, creatinine and the latter in taurine, alanine and some other amino acids. The conjugated amino acids amounting to 13.6 and 11.3% of the extractive nitrogen are respectively accounted for. In viscera, the characteristic pattern of free and conjugated amino acids was observed and the feature is supposed to be brought by ingested and digested diet present in the digestive organ.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Taiyo Fisheries Co., Ltd. for supply of fresh anchovy.View full abstractDownload PDF (293K) -
INFLUENCE OF AN ADDED SALT UPON THE WATER INTAKE AND THE PROTEIN SOLUBILITY OF WATER-WASHED RAW FISH FLESHKazuhiro OKAMURA, Mituko KODAMA, Hiroko SONODA, Jyunko YAMADA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 80-88
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs already reported, OKAMURA found that water affinity of fish flesh as appraised by the factor of water intake he proposed was reduced to a minimum by a certain small addition of salt.
In the present work, the authors, employing a refrigeratory centrifuge improved in enabling said factor to be measured even in hot summer days, made again certain of the above OKAMURA's disclosure and further determined the salt concentration which suppressed the protein solubility of fish flesh to a minimum. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
i) By means of said refrigeratory centrifuge, determination of the factor of water intake can be carried out quite neatly without causing denaturation even in summer; statistical error range of the present method was less than 8.2% as the factor of water intake, the factor of water intake being evaluated on 5 % significance level.
ii) In perfect agreement with the OKAMURA's proposition, a salt such as NaCl, MgCl2, MgSO4, K-phosphate†, Na-pyrophosphateft††, and Na3-citrate, at a certain concentration according to his previous definition reduces the factor of water intake to a minimum value (†: Equimolar mixture of K2HPO4 and KH2PO4 ††: Na4P2O7 was used after neutralization with HCl.).
iii) While the amount of soluble protein in centrifugal supernatant is also minimized at a certain salt concentration, this concentration is somewhat lower than that which corresponds to the minimum of the factor of water intake.View full abstractDownload PDF (567K) -
Makoto YAMAGATA, Chujiro NAGAOKA1966 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 89-97
Published: January 25, 1966
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBacteriological studies have been conducted on the softly deteriorated fish sausages incubated at 30°C.
The result was summarized as follows:
1. Viable bacteria to the extent of 105-106 per gram were found in the softly deteriorated fish sausages. (Table 2).
2. The number of Bacillus strains isolated from the six softly deteriorated samples were 52, and the species are as follows: (Table 2).
Bacillus licheniformis (8 strains), Bacillus pulvifaciens (12 strains), Bacillus subtilis (7 strains) and Bacillus sphaericus (25 strains).
3. The softening phenomenon was reproduced by inoculating the spores of the isolates into raw materials of sausages. (Table 5).
4. The spores of isolates survived heating at 87-90°C for 60 minutes, but the spores were perfectly destroyed by heating at 100°C for 30 minutes. (Table 6).
5. Food preservative a mixture of 1:4 nitrofrazon and nitrofurylacrylamide** (30ppm) permitted the growth of the isolated strains except on Bacillus licheniformis 710 but furylframide*** (5ppm) inhibited the growth of them (Table 7).View full abstractDownload PDF (485K)
- |<
- <
- 1
- >
- >|