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Volume 33, Issue 10
Displaying 1-14 of 14 articles from this issue
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Chikara KITAJIMA, Tadaaki SATO, Masae KAWANISHI1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 919-922
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well known that thyroid matter promotes the metamorphosis of the tadpole.
The authors tested the promoting effect of thyroid matter to the metamorphosis of leptoce-phalus of a conger eel, Conger myriaster (BREVOORT), with a view to improving the method of rearing of the conger eel fry, Sirasu.
Thyroid matter used in the present study was synthetic D-thyroxine sodium, and thiourea was used as anti-thyroid matter (Table 1). Twenty leptocephali were treated in each solution shown in table 2 of 6 litre for 2 days, and after 3rd day all the fish of each group were bred in fresh seawater for 4 days. The value of AL/TL×100 was used as the index representing the developmental stage of the leptocephali, and the body height and body weight were also measured supplementally.
Results obtained may be summarized as follows:
1) The developmental stages of the leptocephali treated with thyroxine sodium, as com-pared with those of the control and of the larvae treated with thiourea, were much advanced.
2) Between the treatments with 2 ppm and 6 ppm solution of thyroxine sodium, the significant difference was not recognized in the promoting effect to the metamorphosis.
3) Development of the visceral organs and coloring of the blood were observed with the the naked eye in the half of the individuals treated with thyroxine sodium solution, but in those treated with thiourea and of control, such changes were scarecely occurred.View full abstractDownload PDF (258K) -
Abundance and Species CompositionHitoshi IDA, Yoshio HIYAMA, Takaya KUSAKA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 923-929
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Observations were made on the floating seaweeds in Sagami Bay and some relations between fish and floating seaweeds were studied.
2. The floating seaweeds were most frequent in March and then they become scarce gradually and in August only very small amount of fragments of Sargassum were found.
3. Though no appreciable relation between the size of floating seaweeds and the number of fish gathered around them was observed in general, there is a possibility that some relations between them would be found when comparison is made among restricted samples in season and locality.
4. The duration of stages gathering around the floating seaweeds of Oplegnathus fasciatus was estimated at about one month but it seems to be much variable by individuals.View full abstractDownload PDF (420K) -
Behavior and Feeding HabitHitoshi IDA, Yoshio HIYAMA, Takaya KUSAKA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 930-936
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Observations were made on the behavior of the fish that gather around the floating seaweeds. Their feeding habits were also investigated from the stomach contents analyses.
2. By observing swimming tendencies in their natural environment three types are distinguishable, i. e. fish always keep contact with the floating seaweed; fish swimming freely around the floating seaweed and the fish seemingly afloat around the floating seaweed.
3. The food compositions are complicated in the fish that keep contact with the floating seaweeds and they become more simple as the fish begin to swim further from the floating seaweeds. Many of them are dependent on the floating seaweed to a greater or lesser extent for both food and shelter.View full abstractDownload PDF (463K) -
Takeo KOYAMA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 937-941
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper describes the results of comparative experiments on the pulling power of a large stern trawler (3400 gross ton 4000ps, made in Japan in 1967) which operated at a rough sea and calm one. Table 1 shows the specifications of the trawler used for the experiments, Table 2 shows the specifications of trawl gear and Fig. 1 the tension meter.
Table 3 and Fig. 2 give the results of the experiments.
According to Fig. 2 the relation between the shaft horse power (B. H. P) during towing and the pulling power (E. H. P) measured at the calm sea (Beaufort 2) is approximated by:
E. H. P=0.3 (B. H. P)
Through the experiments it has been established that in case the trawler heads wind at the rough sea the pulling power decreases by 40-50% as compared with that at the calm sea, but on the contrary it increases by 15-20% when the trawler heads leeward.View full abstractDownload PDF (795K) -
Confirmation Method of Chromium in the FishTeiji KARIYA, Shuko SUZUKI, Tsutomu TSUDA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 942-947
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this study, an attempt was made to detect chromium in the bodies of fish killed by chromium solutions. Chromium content was determined by the Diphenyl-Carbazide method, the procedure being summarized in Table 1.
Chromium was clearly detected in the bodies of fish killed by all kinds of chromium solutions tested. It was also possible to detect chromium even after washing by the running tap water for 24 hours after the death. Chromium was not contented in the natural fish.
It was concluded that this method could be used for postmortem identification of the pollutant in the bodies of fish killed by any of the three solutions: chromium plating solution, chromium sulfate plating solution and chromium tanning solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (348K) -
Satoshi MITO, Tetsushi SENTA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 948-951
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSilver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (EUPHRASEN) is one of the commercially important fishes in Japan, and distributed from middle Japan to the South China Sea. It attains about 60cm in total length of the grown.
The seasonal occurrence of eggs in the sea, and the information about the gonad condi-tions of this fish caught by commercial gill nets suggest that the spawning season of silver pomfret extends from early July to late August in the middle part of the Seto Inland Sea and the peak is from late July through early August.
The authors carried out fertilization of this fish artificially and observed the egg develop-ment and hatched out larvae.
The egg is bouyant, colorless, spherical in shape, 1.20-1.35mm in diameter, and it con-tains a single oil globule of 0.43-0.45mm in diameter. The yolk is coarsely segmented around its animal pole. The hatching took place in about 24 hours after fertilization at 25.2-26.4°C of the water temperature (Fig. 1, a-h).
In the process of the development, many melanophores appeared on the embryonal body, yolk and oil globule. At the late embryonic development, orange-yellow pigment cells ap-peared on the embryonal body and posterior part of the yolk.
The larva just hatched out is 2.75-3.10mm in total length, and has the oil globule situ-ated at the posterior part of the yolk, and the anus opened somewhat posteriorly to the middle of the body. Melanophores distribute over the head, the trunk, anterior part of the yolk and the oil globule, Orange-yellow pigment cells also distribute over the posterior part of the eye, the dorsal surface of alimentary canal and the middle part of the tail where accompanying several melanophores. The myotome number is 13+22=35 (vertebral number of this fish is 34) (Fig. 1, 1).
Within five days after hatching out, the larva attained 4.10mm in total length, the yolk and the oil globule were entirely consumed and the head and the trunk became thicker. The melanophores gathered together around trunk part, and the orange-yellow pigment cells became faint (Fig. 1, 1).View full abstractDownload PDF (310K) -
The Chitinolytic Enzyme Present in Rainbow TroutKoichi OKUTANI, Toshio SAWADA, Masao KIMATA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 952-955
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous papers1-5) it was reported by the present authors that the chitinolytic activity is present in some organs of a few kinds of aquatic animals. The present study was carried out in order to ascertain whether similar chitinolytic activity is present in some organs of rainbow trout, Salmo irideus.
Some properties of the chitinolytic enzyme were investigated by measuring total N-acetylamino sugar liberated in the reaction mixture using precipitated chitin (P. Ch) as the substrate.
Results obtained were as follows;
1) The chitinolytic enzyme is present in the stomach of this fish in high activity and present in the intestine, the gall bladder and the liver in moderate to slight activity, but not in the pyloric caeca and spleen at all (Table 1).
2) The optimum pH value of this enzyme action is about 4.5 (Fig 2), and the optimum temperature is about 30°C (Fig. 4).
3) Between pH 3.0 and 9.0, the activity of this enzyme is gradually decreased by in-creasing the pH value (Fig. 3).
4) This enzyme is stable in 20min. standing at 30-60°C, while not above 60°C, instantly losing almost all the activity at 80°C (Fig. 5).View full abstractDownload PDF (222K) -
Discoloration of the Film-Packed “Sakura-Dembu” Wrapped with Cellophane of Different ColorsWataru WATANABE, Akira KOBAYASHI, Toshiaki HISASUE, Hiroshi KAWAKITA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 956-961
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the preceding report1), we described that “sakura-dembu” could not be protected from discoloration by packing with any of transparent films having different permerbility to oxy-gen and ultraviolet rays, The present report deals with the protective effects of cellophane of different colors as the wrapping materials on the discoloration of “sakura-dembu”.
Each sample packed with polyethylene-laminated cellophan of the same kind was over-wrapped with colored cellophane. The cellophane materials used were red, orange, yellow, green and colorless. The wrapped samples were subjected to storage for one month at room temperature under natural conditions.
The smallest “color difference values” were determined with the samples wrapped with red cellophane. The samples wrapped with green cellophane also gave low values. On the other hand, those with orange cellophane gave much larger values and those with yellow cellophane nearly the same values as the control materials with plain cellophane, showing no protective effect.
Plotting a against b values at varying storage periods shows that there is little change of b in any of the samples.
Other samples double-wrapped in the same way as in the foregoing experiments were irradiated for 1.5 hours with ultraviolet rays from a fade-meter.
The order and the tendency of discoloration of the samples wrapped with cellophane of different colors were the same as those obtained under natural conditions. These results indicate that discoloration of such foodstuffs as “sakura-dembu” may be satisfactorily evalua-ted by a short-time irradiation with ultraviolet rays instead of by a long-term storage under natural conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (325K) -
Discoloration of Astaxanthin, Tunaxanthin, and β-Carotene by the Tissue Homogenates of FishesNobuo TSUKUDA, Keishi AMANO1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 962-969
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAqueous extract of the skins, liver, and muscle tissues from various kinds of fish were examined of their activities to discolor three different carotenoids; astaxanthin, tunaxanthin, and β-carotene.
1. Skin homogenates of eighteen species, including both red and common green or dark color fishes, showed a rapid discoloration of astaxanthin. And, a similar effect on tunaxanthin and β-carotene was also observed in some species.
2. The muscle homogenates did not affect either astaxanthin or tunaxanthin, but those from two species of guarnard indicated a discoloring effect on β-carotene.
3. Liver homogenates were likely potent of the activity, though they were less remarkable in the action than skin preparations.
4. Most pronounced activities of the skins were noted in the species such as rockfish, guarnard, grouper, tilefish, queen snapper and mackerel.
5. As to the temperature effect on the activity of grouper skins, a quick discoloration was demonstrated at temperatures above 15°C, but even at 5°C, a major quantity of astaxanthin was also lost after two days' storage.
6. Addition of KCN or a heat treatment was able enough to inhibit the activity and a possible existence of certain oxidative enzyme was suggested in the skin tissues to enhance the carotenoid discoloration.View full abstractDownload PDF (467K) -
Requirement for ThiamineHiroshi AOE, Isao MASUDA, Takashi SAITO, Atuko KOMO1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 970-974
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. The requirement of young carp for thiamine was studied by using the test diet devised by HALVER et al., and the short-necked clam diet which was made thiamine-free by autolysis.
2. In the feeding experiment with the HALVER diet for 13 weeks, no deficiency symptoms were demonstrated. This was also true for the short-necked clam diet for 8 weeks, which caused the typical deficiency symptoms in rainbow trout in 4 weeks.View full abstractDownload PDF (283K) -
On the Anomalous Osmosis through Mixed Membranes Reconstructed with Cephalin and CholesterolMasa SHIRATORI, Haruo MIZUNO, Masanori OKAMOTO, Yatuhiro TABATA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 975-978
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper1), the authors made a report on the results of studies on anomalous osmosis through cephalin- and cholesterol-membranes with different salt and acid solutions. In the present paper, the anomalous osmosis through the mixed membrane reconstructed with cephalin and cholesterol was measured with different salt and acid solutions. They also compared the osmosis with that through cephalin- and cholesterol-membranes in the previous paper1), respectively. The results obtained were as follows:
Anomalous positive osmosis of K-chloride, K-sulfate, K-citrate, Na-chloride, Na-gluta-mate, sulfuric acid and acetic acid through the mixed membrane was smaller than that with the above-mentioned solutions through cephalin-membrane.
However, anomalous osmosis of Mg-sulfate, hydrochloric acid, L-glutamic acid and gly-cine through the mixed membrane showed negative osmosis whereas those through cephalin-membrane showed positive one. Anomalous negative osmosis of Ca-chloride and Mg-chloride was almost of the same order with both cephalin- and mixed membranes.
Anomalous osmosis of K-chloride, Na-chloride, Mg-chloride and sucrose was almost of the same order with both mixed and cholesterol-membranes, but with K-sulfate and K-citrate, osmosis through the mixed membrane was larger than that through cholesterol-membrane. From the facts mentioned above, the authors may reasonably suggest that cholesterol plays the major role controlling the transport of water through cephalin-menbrane.View full abstractDownload PDF (206K) -
Isolation of Vitamin B12 Synthesizing Bacteria and Their Bacteriological PropertiesShin-ichi TESHIMA, Ken-ichi KASHIWADA1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 979-983
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn preceding papers, the authors studied on the production of B-vitamins by intestinal bacteria of carp. This paper deals with the vitamin B12 synthesizing ability of intestinal bacteria. Of the 198 strains of bacteria isolated from the intestinal canal of carp, the vitamin B12 synthesizing capacity was researched. Concerning the 5 strains having a comparatively high synthesizing capacity, the vitamin B12 content of intra- and extra bacterial cells were studied. The results obtained were as follows;
1. Of all the strains isolated from the intestinal canal of carp, the number of rods ex-ceeded that of coccus, and the ratio of both type of bacteria was shown to be nearly equal. (Table 1)
2. About half of intestinal bacteria produced some vitamin B12, while no vitamin B12 decomposing bacteria could be found in this study. (Table 2)
3. Intestinal bacteria of high productive ability of vitamin B12 belongs mostly to Gram-negative rods, and they show a pretty high level of B12-production, though not so remarkable as is to be seen in Actinomyces.
4. Vitamin B12 content in the bacterial cells increased gradually during growth, while the vitamin B12 in the culture medium reached to a highest level after 6 hours of incubation, and after that time almost no increase was to be observable. (Table 4 and Fig. 1)View full abstractDownload PDF (294K) -
On the Alkali-treatment at High Temperature of the Frond for Keeping the Green PigmentJuro KUSAKABE1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 984-987
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous note1), it was shown that the fading of green color is due to the acidi-fication of Undaria and an alkali-treatment of the frond will be effective to keep the green pigment from the analysis of “Haiboshi-Wakame”.
In this paper, a practical procedure for alkali-treatment of the frond with brine con-taining Ca(OH)2 has been studied for keeping the green pigment. The results obtained are as follows;
1) The heat treatment with about 3% NaCI solution or sea water for 5-10 seconds was effective in the case of pH: 8.5-9.5, temperature: 75-85°C. (Fig. 1-4.).
2) These application to some dry and salt Undaria-products was tried successtully during 1-5-month storage. (Table 1.).View full abstractDownload PDF (247K) -
On the Salt Treatment of the Frond with NaCl Containing Alkaline Salts for Keeping the Green PigmentJuro KUSAKABE1967 Volume 33 Issue 10 Pages 988-991
Published: October 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper1), it was shown that the alkali-treatment at high temperature seems a practical method for keeping the green pigment of the Undaria-products.
In this paper, a salt treatment of the frond with NaCI containing Ca (OH)2 and Na2CO3 has been studied for keeping the green pigment to omit the heating process in the previous treatment. The results obtained are as follows;
1) The effect of the salt treatment with NaCl containing the alkaline mixture was shown on condition that mixing ratio of Ca (OH)2 and Na2CO3 are 1:2 or 1:3, content of the mixture in NaCl are 2.5-5.0% and firstly 80g of NaCl containing the mixture are added in 1kg of the fresh frond, secondarily 70-200g of NaC1 without alkaline salts are added. (Fig. 1, 2, Table 1.)
2) These application to the salt-curing of the fresh frond cultured have resulted good in keeping pH and the green pigment during about one-month storage in an incubator at 30°C. (Fig. 3, 4.)View full abstractDownload PDF (306K)
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