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Volume 33, Issue 8
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Haruhiko UEMOTO1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 705-712
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the pearl culture “Shitate-sagyo” is regarded as a necessary process prior to the operation of nuclear insertion. The objective of this process is generally accepted to make oysters spawn so as to produce conditions of gonad suitable for the operation. The method is as follows; the oysters are placed densely in bamboo-cages, and are laid over the bottom or suspended again from rafts for an artificial spawnning, during the period of not loss than two weeks.
In previous studies1), however, the author calarified that Shitate-sagyo checks physiological decline and mortality of oysters and fall of inserted nuclei after the operation, and thus brings good results in the yield and quality of pearls.
In view of accumulating further information concerning the physiological effects of Shitate-sagyo on oysters investigation was made on changes in both protein and carbohydrate metabolism in oysters which underwent Shitate-sagyo. In an attempt to estimate the balance between anabolism and catabolism in the protein metabolism, amount of serum protein and that of rest-N were measured. Measurement was also made of weight of crystallins style and amount of lactic acid in serum in relation to the carbohydrate metabolism.
Measurements revealed that Shitate-sagyo brought oysters decreases in both anabolism and catabolism in either of the protein and carbohydrate metabolism (Fig. 2, 4, 6). This means that oysters were physiologically reperssed by Shitate-sagyo.
When oysters first went through Shitate-sagyo and then received the operation catabolism as well as anabolism was intensified in both metabolism to some extent. As a result the balance between them was maintained (Fig. 7, 8). On the contrary in case of oysters which underwent no Shitate-sagyo catabolism in both metabolism were intensified to a large extent after the operation, while anabolism were reduced, that is the balance was disturbed.
From the above it is concluded that a physiological repression caused in oysters by Shitate-sagyo provides a condition necessary for the maintenance of balance in their meta-bolism after the operation.View full abstractDownload PDF (536K) -
On the Oceanographical Condition and the Distribution of the Fish Shoals in 1963Tatsuaki MAEDA, Takeji FUJII, Kiyoshi MASUDA1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 713-720
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous paper, it was shown that the movements of yellow-fin sole, Limanda aspera (PALLAS), is related to the change of bottom temperature on the trawl fishing ground in the eastern Bering Sea, 1960.
In this paper, the authors compare the oceanographical conditions in 1963 with 1960, and they report on the distribution of yellow-fin sole and alaska pollack, Theragra chalco-gramma (PALLAS), in 1963. The results are as follows:
1. The sea water temperature on the bottom in the central portion of cold water mass in 1963 was 1°C higher than in 1960.
The isothermal-line of 0°C in the cold water mass extended from south-east of St. Matthew Island to 57°N, 164°W in 1960, but in 1963 it was found to exist only in the south eastern part of the island.
2. The open sea water of high salinity reached from the southern part of Bristol Bay across the bay to the north-side of the cold water mass in 1960, but in 1963 it was found only in the southern part of the bay.
3. Yellow-fin soles were distributed in a large number on the north-side of the cold water mass, limited to only a few at the center and none in the southside in July, 1963.
4. Between April and June, the shoals of yellow-fin sole moved from the north-western part of Unimak Island to the shallow coast of Bristol Bay.
In July, the shoals moved toward off-shore region with the rise of bottom temperature in the shallow region and then migrated northwestward across the region (around 57°30'N, 163°W). At the both fronts of cold water and coastal water increased the density of the shoals more in the region above mentioned.
5. Alaska pollacks were distributed in a large number on both the east and south-sides of the cold water mass, and none on the north-side in July, 1963, because they are controled by open sea water with high temperature and high salinity.
6. The stomachs of alaska pollack contained aboundant Thysanoessa raschii and Parathe-misto libellula which were living near the surface of the water.
The distribution of this fish proved to have relations not only to the bottom water con-ditions but also to the water conditions at different levels.View full abstractDownload PDF (557K) -
Syoiti TANAKA, Ryuhei SATO, Takashi MAIWA1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 721-725
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) The catch of autumn chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) during 1959 season was estimated for 18 trap nets set in the Otsuchi Bay, Iwate Prefecture, northern Honshu (Fig. 1). Data were obtained from 10-day reports of daily catch submitted from each net. For the 10-day periods where reports were not available, statistics kept at the Otsuchi fish mar-ket were applied with correction by the mean percentage of the catch of each net sold at the market.
2) The total number of fish caught from early October to late December amounted to about 20, 000. The catch in Otsuchi and Kotsuchi Rivers (escapement) in the same period was about 5, 000, which is about 20% of the total return. (Table 1).
3) The percentage of the catch sold at the market varied from net to net, some having values of almost 100% and some almost zero. There was a trend for the percentage to decrease during the fishing season. (Fig. 2).
4) There was a resemblance in the pattern of the seasonal change of the catch between adjacent nets (Fig. 3).
5) Although in some cases the percentage sold at the market exceeded 100%, most of these ridiculous values occurred in the beginning or the end of the season and the catch in-volved formed only a negligible part of the total. And this inaccuracy would not negate the validity of the entire results.
6) As no direct evidence was given to verify the reliability of the fishermen's reports, there may be a possibility of erroneous estimates. However, the above mentioned circum-stantial evidences suggested that the actual catches were represented fairly well in the re-ports.View full abstractDownload PDF (325K) -
On the Prezoeal LarvaTohshi KON1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 726-730
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPrezoea of Chionoecetes opilio and its molting process were described. The egg-bearing females were captured by means of a dragnet from 250-300 meters depth of Wakasa-Bay in February of 1966, and were kept in laboratory tanks until the eggs hatched out.
The larva just after hatching is prezoea covered with a embryonic curticle. There are no spines on carapace. First antenna is tipped by a long and a short plumose setae. Second antenna has a short process and an exopod bearing 4 plumose setae of each side. The telson is bifurcated posteriarly and has seven spines on each side. The first and the fourth spines from the outside are smooth, while the rest of the spines are plumose. The fourth spine is very small.
Soon after the hatching the prezoea began to molt. The exuviation proceeded is the following order; unfolding of the maxillipedes, flick up of lateral and dorsal spines, molting of cephalothorax, first, second antenna and maxillipedes, streching out of the rostral spine and the spinous process, molting of the abdomen and telson.View full abstractDownload PDF (898K) -
Shiro MINAMI, Hiroshi MAÉDA1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 731-737
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Danish seiners of a fish-meal fleet showed such a tendency that those with more powerful engines were inclined to yield better catches. To know whether the difference in the power of main engine may result in a difference of the catch regardless of the depth zones or only from some of them, the daily reports by each of 22 of the Danish seiners of one of the fish-meal fleets during the entire season of
Fig. 5. The averages of daily hauls conducted by respective boats on the days of respective grades of catch from respective depth zones, in relation to the power of their main engines.
Note: d....depth of fishing ground in meters; j....grade of daily catch (1....not more than 19 tons; 2....20 to 29 tons; 3....30 to 39 tons; and 4...more than 40 tons); y....number of daily hauls; y'=log (11-y).
1963 in the Bering Sea were examined after stratification into the following three depth zones: the shallow (50m to 100m), the middle (110m to 120m), and the deep (130m to 150m) zones. And the results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The catch from the deep zone showed a good dependence on the power of the main engine of the boats. The dependence of catch on the power became obscure in shallower zones.
2. The catch by more than eight hauls from respective depth zones also depended on the power. The regression coefficient seemed to become larger with depth.
3. The number of daily hauls had no correlation to the power of main engine of the boats in all the depth zones, regardless of before or after stratification according to the catch grade.View full abstractDownload PDF (322K) -
A Method of Simultaneous Estimation by Minimizing the Tracing IndexTakeo ISHII1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 738-745
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) The new estimating method (tracing method-a kind of simulation method) of population parameters is presented. Even when a fish population is supplied by sequential recruitment, it is possible to estimate population parameters which are not influenced by the effect of sequential recruitment.
2) The tracing index ( ?? ) is defined to indicated the goodness of tracing between the actual and simulated catch matrices. A set of the values of parameters which make the trace index minimum is accepted as the estimates.
3) Two methods of searching the minimum ?? used. One is the linear estimation to find the steepest descent direction, and the other is the quadratic estimation to locate the minimum point of ?? in its neighbourhood.
4) For numerical example, the natural mortality coefficients of Equatorial Pacific yellowfin tuna were estimated. Age groups were separated into one to four strata within which M was assumed to be constant, and the results were presented for each of one to four-factor estimations with some consideration on the validity of this method.View full abstractDownload PDF (456K) -
A Histological Study of HomogenatesR. Malcolm LOVE1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 746-752
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Homogenates of frozen and thawed cod muscle obtained by Cell Fragility Method varied in their microscopic appearance according to the freezing temperature.
2. After freezing cod muscle in liquid air, thawing and homogenizing, many of the myofibrils were seen to be joined together along their sides, and the cooked material was judged to be tougher than muscle frozen at -30°C.
3. Freezing at -3°C and storing at -16°C caused the homogenates to become pale (“misty”) in appearance. Under the microscope it was seen that some of the fine structure of the myofibrils had disappeared, and they seemed to be considerably depleted of protein.
4. It was concluded that the phenomena at the different temperatures resulted from variations in the amount of ice in the tissue.
(a) At very low temperatures, the freezing of tightly-bound water damaged the protein molecules.
(b) At -3°C the amount of ice was relatively small, and the resulting lower concentration of tissue salts favoured the dissolution of myofibrillar proteins, i.e. the muscle partially dissolved in its own salt solution, thus accounting for its unusual properties.View full abstractDownload PDF (1699K) -
TrimethylamineJunsaku NONAKA, Hitomi MITANI, Chiaki KOIZUMI1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 753-757
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA convenient determination of trimethylamine (TMA) has been studied by gas-liquid chromatography (G. L. C.).
Recommended procedure is as follows: A 2ml portion of 5% trichloroacetic acid extract of fish muscle is placed in a test tube of 20ml capacity. To the test tube, 4ml of n-heptane and 2ml of 50% potassium hydroxide are added successively, and the tightly stoppered test tube is kept for 5 minutes at 55°C in a water bath. The test tube is vigorously shaken for 2 minutes, and after standing for 10 minutes, an aliquot of the supernatant n-heptane layer is applied to a G. L.C. equipped with both hydrogen flame ionisation detector and 1.5m × 4mm column packed with 20% cetylalcohol+2% potassium hydroxide on C-22 firebrick of 60-80 mesh. Column temperature is adjusted to 52°C and nitrogen is used as carrier gas.
The average recovery of TMA was estimated as more than 98% (Table 1).
Comparative determinations of TMA were run by the G. L. C. and the DYER method on the horse mackerel and the mackerel muscles which were stored at 1-4°C for 0, 2, 5, 8 and 11 days, respectively (Figs. 3 and 4). It was confirmed that the former always gave better than the latter especially when the fish became unsound.View full abstractDownload PDF (298K) -
Hajime KADOTA, Yoshiko SHICHI, Yuzaburo ISHIDA1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 758-762
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has generally been believed that bacterial endospores were activated by beat treatment at considerably high temperature (about 80°C). Such treatment of the spores is, therefore, often called “heat activation”. In some particular cases, however, the germination of bacterial spores was sometimes found to be delayed by such a heat treatment.
In order to ascertain whether the heat treatment does stimulate the germination of bac-terial spores or not, we observed in this work the germination of both heated and unheated spores of Bacillus subtilis under various conditions. The results obtained may be summarized as follows.
(1) In the case of the freshly harvested spores, the germination was delayed by heat treatment under all the conditions employed; the heat treatment had always an inhibitory effect on the germination regardless of the compositions of sporulating and germinating media or the temperature used for the heat treatment.
(2) The spores which had been stored at 0°C for more than 66 days were remarkably activated by the heat treatment at 80°C for 20 minutes; germination of the heated spores was more rapid than that of the unheated spores in the germination media which contained L-alanine in the concentration of higher than 1mM.
These results suggest that the effect of heat treatment on the germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis essentially varies with the storage condition of the spores.View full abstractDownload PDF (274K) -
Kiyoshi FUKUSHIMA, Takashi NAKASE, Kazuo KOMAGATA1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 763-768
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the course of studies on putrefaction of foods, an attempt was made to isolate yeasts occurring in slime parts of “Kamaboko”, fish jelley products. Of 30 samples obtained at markets, 23 showed the formation of slime caused by yeasts after 5 to 7 days' incubation at room temperature (20-25°C), and the following yeasts were isolated: Debaryomyces hansenii (4 strains), Candida guilliermondii (10 strains), C. pelliculosa (1 strain), C. parapsilosis (4 strains), C. intermedia (4 strains), Trichosporon cutaneum (6 strains), T. behrendii (1 strain), and Rhodotorula rubra (8 strains).
“Kamaboko” prepared in the laboratory was spoiled by inoculation of the yeasts such as C. guilliermondii, T. cutaneum, and R. rubra. From the results obtained, an important role of the yeasts on the formation of slime of “Kamaboko” was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (366K) -
Change of Components of Nucleic AcidMinoru KUBOTA, Etuo WATANABE1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 769-774
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of γ-irradiation on the constituent components of nucleic acid was examined as the first step for studying the effect of γ-irradiation on its structure. In the present study, nucleic acid bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, and ribose, were γ-irradiated mostly in aqueous solution and in the presence of air, and the irradiation effect on those substances were examined by measuring the change in ultraviolet absorption spectrum, and the amounts of ammonia formed and ribose, phosphate, bases, and nucleosides liberated.
Results obtained were as follows:
1) Ammonia was formed when solutions of bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides were ir-radiated with doses above 105R (Table 2).
2) On irradiating with doses above 106R, bases and ribose were liberated from nucleo-sides (Table 4). However, from nucleotides, corresponding nucleosides and ribose were not liberated, but bases and ribose-5-phosphate were liberated.
3) By irradiation with a dose of 2×106R, 70% of ribose was decomposed (Fig. 4). From the results mentioned above, it may be concluded that whenγ-irradiation with doses above 105R, the nucleotide is affected in several ways; deamination, scission of glyco-sidic bond between sugar and base and of ester bond between sugar and phosphate, and des-truction of base ring.View full abstractDownload PDF (351K) -
Change of Deoxyribonucleic AcidMinoru KUBOTA, Etuo WATANABE1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 775-781
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study was carried out to elucidate the effect of γ-irradiation on the structure of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) prepared from milts of several fishes; skipjack, mackerel, sea bream, and three-lined grunt. Aqueous solutions of the DNAs were irradiated in the presence of air, and examined for changes by measurements of ultraviolet absorption spectra, viscosity, specific rotation, and the amounts of ammonia formed and phosphate liberated.
Results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) Hyperchromisity in ultraviolet absorption spectrum was observed when the solutions of DNAs were irradiated with doses of 5×103R and 104R (Table 2).
2) On irradiating with doses above 5×105R, the amounts of ammonia formed and phos-phate liberated from DNA increased, gradually in the former, and abruptly in the latter (Table 4).
3) Viscosity and specific rotation of DNA solution dropped to near zero on irradiation with doses above 5x105R, irrespective of the fish species (Figs. 3 and 4),
4) Skipjack DNA showed a sharp peak in sedimentation pattern. However, on irradiat-ing with a dose of 105R, the peak turned somewhat broader (Plate 1).
From these results, together with those in the previous paper, the effect of γ-irradiation on fish DNA could be concluded as follows:
On irradiating with a dose of 5x104R, fish DNA begins to suffer the partial scission of main molecular chain and the breakdown of hydrogen bond contributing to maintain the he-lical structure. On irradiating with a dose of 105R, the DNA undergoes further scission and breakdown in intra- and intermolecular regions. On irradiating with about the same dose, some components, base ring and ribose, of the DNA, seem to be broken successively after the scission of ester and glycosidic linkages.View full abstractDownload PDF (1003K) -
Yuzaburo ISHIDA, Hajime KADOTA1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 782-787
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVolatile sulfur compounds evolved from various unicellular algae during cultivation were fractionated to three different parts: thioether fraction, mercaptan fraction and H2S fraction. Major component of the volatile sulfur compounds produced from Amphidinium carterii, Glenodinium sp., Chlamydomonas sp., Nanochloris oculata, Haematococcus pluvialis, Polytoma uvella, Chlamydomonas komma, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella pyrenoidosa was H2S, and that from Astasia longa and Euglena gracilis was mercaptan. Gyrodinium cohnii, a heterotrophic dinoflagellate of marine origin evolved thioether as the major product.
The thioether fraction obtained from Gyrodinium cohnii, was found by gas chromatographic analysis to be principally composed of dimethyl sulfide.
These data suggested that the ability of unicellular algae to produce thioether, mercaptan or H2S was related to some extent to the metabolic type or the environmental factors of natural habitats of the organism.
This work was supported in part by research grant from the Ministry of Education, Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (355K) -
Seiji OHSUMI1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages 788-798
Published: August 25, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (925K) -
1967 Volume 33 Issue 8 Pages e2
Published: 1967
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (21K)
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