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Volume 35, Issue 12
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Tokuro NONODA1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1151-1156
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (288K) -
Masami ISHIDA, Noritatsu SANO, Seikichi MISHIMA, Shoji SAITO1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1157-1166
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is very important to measure the dropping rate of salmon gill nets in the high seas from the standpoint of gill net efficiency and resources problems.
The measurements of the dropping rate of a salmon gill net of 25 tans (1 tan is 50 meters in length) were carried out four times during the fishing practice of the Hokkaido University training ship, Hokusei Maru, in the Okhotsk Sea, from 1963 to 1967.
The measuring method was as follows:
The netted fishes in every tan were counted and recorded by an underwater television camera and a video tape recorder mounted on a specially constructed observation boat running at slow speed (1.5-2.0 knot) in parallel with, and about 5 meters apart from, the gill nets. The dropping rate was calculated according to the number of times of the recording operations during the night.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The dropping rate of 25-tan salmon gill nets (1250 meters in length) could be measured under approximately natural conditions by means of underwater television techniques. The dropping rates obtained from four experiments were 4%-25%, and did not change no matter how numerous all netted fishes were.
2) The effects of the state of the sea on the dropping rate are not very clear.
3) The dropping rates of 15-tan salmon gill nets (mesh size 115mm) were always larger than those of 10 tans (mesh size 121mm) in all four experiments.View full abstractDownload PDF (930K) -
Acute Poisoning with LeadTeiji KARIYA, Hideo HAGA, Yoshiko HAGA, Kunihiko KIMURA1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1167-1171
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this study, we attempted to detect lead in the body of rainbow trout killed by acute lead poisoning. Three ppm of a lead solution (lead nitrate) was found to be fatal to rainbow trout in 23-24 hours and the 48 h Tlm was found between 1 and 3 ppm Pb. It was found that the nature of the water used for preparing the lead solution influences considerably the toxicity of lead. The use of hard water (2.0 meq/l alkalinity) resulted in a great reduction of the toxicity (Table 1).
Lead content of tissues was determined by the Diphenylthiocarbazone method. Lead levels of the control fish were less than 0.34 γ/g Pb and 0.25 γ/g Pb on an average (Table 2). Lead content of fish killed by lead solutions was higher than that of the control fish (Table 3). When the body of fish was washed with running tap water for 24 hours after death, lead content decreased to 60.2-95.5% of the initial values (Table 5).
Seven parts of the fish body were examined for distribution of lead in two cases. In the first case, fish were killed by a lead solution and in the 2nd, fish were soaked in a lead solution after death by suffocation. In both cases the gills showed the highest value of lead content among the seven parts and the muscles showed the lowest. Lead content of gill was higher in the first case than in the 2nd case (Table 6). It was of interest to not that lead was detected scantily in liver and alimentary canal in the 2nd case. It has to be pointed out that in the diagnosis of lead poisoning it is important to know the distribution of lead in the carcass.View full abstractDownload PDF (371K) -
On Acute Poisoning with Tin Plating SolutionsTeiji KARIYA, Shuko ETO, Norio YAMAGUCHI, Kaoru SUZUKI1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1172-1178
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this paper, an attempt was made to detect Sn in the body of fish (Carassius auratus) killed by tin plating solutions. Sn content of tissues was determined by the phenylfluorone method. In tin plating, two kinds of plating solutions are commonly used, viz, alkaline and acid (Table 2).
Experiments showed that the 48 hour median tolerance limits of these 2 kinds of tin plating solutions to goldfish were approximately 100 ppm Sn (Table 3 and 4).
Sn wan not detected in control fish bodies, but was clearly detected in the bodies of fish killed by either of the two kinds of solutions. The bodies of fishkilled by tin plating solutions showed values higher than 13.0γ/g Sn, while the bodies of fish still living in tin plating solutions showed values lower than that. It was also possible to detect Sn even in fish washed by running tap water for 24 hours after death.
The distribution of tin in seven parts of the fish body was examined under two conditions. Sn was detected in all the parts examined under the condition that fish were killed by tin plating solutions. Under another condition where the fish were soaked in tin plating solutions for 15-24 hours after being killed by suffocation. Sn was detected in skin, gill and muscle, but not in the spleen, hepatopancreas and kidney (Table 5, 6, 7 and 8).
The bodies of fish killed by solutions containing organic tin compounds showed very low values of tin content as compared with fish killed by tin plating solutions (Table 9).View full abstractDownload PDF (392K) -
Turnover of Absorbed PCP in Tapes philippinarumKunio KOBAYASHI, Hiroshi AKITAKE, Tetuo TOMIYAMA1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1179-1183
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA number of studies have been reported on the toxic effects of pentachlorophenate (PCP), a herbicide, on aquatic organisms, No work, however, has been done of the metabolism of PCP in aquatic organisms except only a few works on the distribution patterns of PCP in dead carp1, 2).
In regards to the toxicity of PCP to a shell-fish, Tapes philippinarum, it has previously been reported that the PCP levels higher than 0.1 ppm was lethal to the shell-fish3-5). The present paper deals with the turnover of absorbed PCP in the shell-fish, using 14C-labelled PCP. PCP dissolved in the media was rapidly absorbed by the shell-fish and distributed into the various tissues, especially the Bojanus' organ and the liver, and then quickly eliminated, presumably from the Bojanus' organ. It was also revealed that most of the accumulated PCP in the tissues were undecomposed and were either free or in the bound form.View full abstractDownload PDF (313K) -
Kozo TAKAMA, Koichi ZAMA, Hisanao IGARASHI1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1184-1188
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies were made on the acetone-soluble lipids, lecithins, and cephalins found in the muscle and viscera of whelk, which inhabits the areas around Hokkaido and is generally captured for food.
Results obtained were as follows:
1) The lipid contents of the muscle and the viscera were about 1.6% and 6.8%, respectively. The ratio of the acetone-soluble lipids to the conjugated ones were 1:3 in the muscle and 3:2 in the viscera lipids.
2) In Table 2 is listed the fatty acid compositions of the acetone-soluble lipids, lecithins and cephalins, and showes some differences between the two tissues i. e., the muscle and the viscera.View full abstractDownload PDF (279K) -
Keiichi OISHI, Naomichi KUNISAKI, Ayako OKUMURA1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1189-1192
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFour specimens of Rishiri-kombu, Laminaria ochotensis, differing in growth were collected from Oniwaki in the Rishiri Island, Hokkaido. They were arranged by their degrees of growth as follows: 1) One-year-old plants, 2) one- or two-year-old plants (the plants were not discriminated as to whether they were one- or two-year-olds), 3) two-year-old plants, second grade, and 4) two-year-old plants, first grade.
The base and the central parts of the blade were collected separately from each specimen: One half obtained from one side of the blade was used for chemical analyses (amino acid pool, total extractive nitrogen, extractive amino nitrogen, and thickness), and the other half from the other side for the sensory test,
The results with the exception of the, sensory test are shown in Table 1. From the table, the following results were drawn: The amounts of glutamic and aspartic acids in one-year-old plants were higher than the two-year-old plants. The ratio of glutamic acid to aspartic acid was about 1:1 in one-year-old plant and one- or two-year-old plant, while it was about 2:1 in the two-year old plants (first and second grade). Proline contents decreased according to the growth of the plant. Cystine was found in one-year-old plants, while it was absent in the two-year-old ones. The presence of tryptophan was quite opposed to the cystine. Two peaks of unknown ninhydrine reactive substances were found on the chromatogram; the one (U2) was between valine and methionine, and the other (U3) between leucine and tyrosine (Fig. 1). The thickness increased with growth.View full abstractDownload PDF (253K) -
Effect of Freezing at Super-Low TemperaturesMasamichi BITO1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1193-1200
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of super-low temperature freezing upon the color retention of tuna meat during frozen storage was examined with the following results.
1. Prefreezing was effective for the prevention of cracking of meat resulting from super-rapid freezing. Meats prefrozen at -10°C ?? -40°C before immersion in liquid nitrogen showed less discoloration than those prefrozen at much lower temperatures after 2-month storage at -20°C (Fig. 1).
2. Meats were prefrozen at -20°C at the innermost portion either slowly in still air at -22°C, or rapidly on a metal plate in nitrogen vapor at -60°C, and then stored at -20°C after immersion in liquid nitrogen. The rates of discoloration were about the same both for the slowly and rapidly frozen samples (Fig. 2).
3. Prefrozen meats (-20°C) were stepwise immersed for 30 min each in isopentane and liquid nitrogen at different temperatures from -40°C to -196°C, and then stored for 2 months at -20°C. The rates of discoloration were about the same (Fig. 3).
4. Prefrozen meats (-20°C) were directly immersed for 30 min in isopentane at temperatures ranging from -80°C to -160°C or liquid nitrogen at -196°C, and then stored for 2 months at -20°C. The results indicated that the lower the ultimate temperature of meat before storage and the faster the rate of freezing, the less was the discoloration (Fig. 4).
5. Prefrozen meats (-20°C) were immersed in liquid nitrogen for different periods ranging from 5.5 to 50 sec and then rapidly transferred and kept in a freezer at -20°C. The rates of discoloration during the storage were the lowest in the meats immersed for 10 and 50 sec (Figs. 5 and 6).
6. From these rerults, it was indicated that the effect of low temperature freezing on color retention of tuna meat may depend upon the rapid freezing of the meat at temperatures ranging approximately from -40°C to -60°C.View full abstractDownload PDF (560K) -
Vitamin B6 and Vitamin C Deficiency SymptomsHiromi SAKAGUCHI, Fumiya TAKEDA, Katsuyoshi TANGE1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1201-1206
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough vitamin requirements by fresh water fish have been studied extensively by many workers, only few works have been reported on marine fishes.
We studied vitamin B6 or C deficiency syndromes of the yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL by feeding the fish with diets composed of white fish meal, gluten, glucose, cod liver oil, vitamin-mixture without vitamin B6 or C, and mineral-mixture.
Both vitamin B6 and C deficiency symptoms appeared after about 40 days (Fig. 1 and Table 2). Characteristics of B6 avitaminosis of the yellowtail were anorexia, retarded growth, nervous disorder, high mortality, injury at mouth and rostrum regions, exophthalmia and scoliosis (Table 2 and Figs. 1 and 2). The fish fed with a died lacking vitamin C showed loss of activity and appetite, retarded growth, change of body color, poor growth of operculum, scoliosis, amputation of strait, and hemorrhage in the laterodorsal region (Table 2 and Figs. 1 and 3).
Fat content in the liver decreased in both B6 and C deficient fish (Table 3).
Serum protein of the yellowtail was separated into four fractions by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane (Fig. 5). In the serum of the fish fed with vitamin B6 or C deficient diet fraction I decreased but fractions III and IV increased (Table 4).View full abstractDownload PDF (604K) -
Hiromi SAKAGUCHI, Akira HAMAGUCHI1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1207-1214
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous papery1), the effect of antioxidant treated sand-eel as food for yellowtail was reported. Thereafter, we investigated the effects of oxidized oil and vitamin E administration on yellowtail fed with artifitial diets. Fish were fed for 93 days with diets containing 8.5% of fresh or oxidized cod liver oil to which DL-α-tocopheryl acetate was either added or not (Table 1).
The weight gains of the fish are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 2. The fish fed with oxidized oil, without the addition of vithmin E, showed a slightly poor appetite after about 40 days of feeding, and at the termination of experiment a leaning of the dorsal muscle was observed on about 10% of the fish. These symptoms are probably due to muscle dystrophy as reported with the carp12) (Fig. 2). However such symptoms were not found in the vitamin E supplemented group.
The muscle of fish fed with oxidized oil but without the addition of vitamin E showed a slightly higher TBA value than that of the vitamin E supplemented fish, but there was no extreme difference in the TBA values of the hepatopancreas of these two groups (Table 3).
At the termination of experiment, the glycogen contents in the hepatopancreas of groups 1, 2, and 4 were elevated to about twice compared to its content at 70th day. However, such elevation of the glycogen level was not seen in the group fed with oxidized oil.
The activities of transaminases (GOT, GPT) were higher in the fish fed with oxidized oil than the fish fed with fresh oil and these enzyme activities could not be reduced even by the administration of vitamin E. The alkaline phosphatase activity showed little, if any, difference between these groups (Table 4).View full abstractDownload PDF (682K) -
Keisuke MIYAZAWA, Keiji ITO, Fumio MATSUMOTO1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1215-1219
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAminosulfonic acids in six species of marine algae were examined. Taurine was found in all the specimens. Besides, N, N-dimethyltaurine was isolated from red algae, Gelidium amansii and Laurencia intermedia and D-cysteinolic acid from a brown alga, Hijikia fusiforme.
The authors wish to express here their thanks to Prof. Y. HASHIMOTO, Tokyo University for his suggestion and advice they received in the course of this work.View full abstractDownload PDF (229K) -
Katsuji HONDA1969 Volume 35 Issue 12 Pages 1220-1237
Published: December 25, 1969
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1647K)
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