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Volume 36, Issue 11
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Tsuneo NISHIYAMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1095-1100
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCaloric values were determined for Bristol Bay sockeye salmon ovaries ranging from 35g to 282g in wet weight. The values differed from 7, 100 cal to 6, 600 cal per gram dry weight, depending on ovary weight. There was a tendency for caloric values to decrease gradually as the ovary weight increased. This relationship was also maintained in the maturity index, or diameter of eggs. The total caloric content of ovaries of individual fish is associated with ovary weight, diameter of eggs or maturity index. This can be expressed by linear regression with high correlation coefficients.View full abstractDownload PDF (356K) -
On the Food Intake of the Surf-fishAkihiro OKATA1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1101-1108
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present paper deals with the psychological influence of the fish number on the feeding behavior of a fish in shoal under rearing conditions. Surf-fish (Ditrema temmincki) used in this study is a coastal weak shoaling species and is devoid of a stomach. The author regarded the feeding rate (amount of food intake/body weight) as an index of the change in the pattern of the behavior. Accordingly, in the first place, the time required to reach satiation by an individual fish and the tendency of food intake by the surf-fish in the day time were examined. Subsequently, the relationships between fish number and feeding rate of an individual fish in shoal were examined. The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The change in the feeding rate of an individual fish within 60 minutes after 23 hours of food deprivation is shown in Fig. 1. At the beginning of the experiment, the rate registered a high value, and then decreased radically within 30 minutes. After that, it decreased gradually with the lapse of time.
2) Surf-fish showed the tendency to take food continuously after satiation (Fig. 2).
3) The feeding rate of an individual fish increased radically with increasing the number of companions in a rearing tank (Fig. 3).
4) On the contrary, in the experiment to seperate the members in a shoal consisting of 40 fish, the average feeding rate in shoal consisted of from 30 to 15 members which maintained the maximum value (14%), and decreased gradually. Under 15 individuals, the feeding rate fell in accompaniment with the decrease in the members in the shoal (Fig. 4).
In view of the results described above, it may be concluded that the increase in the number of companions removes the factors that oppress the appetite of fish. In shoal, the psychological situation of an individual fish changes so as to give full scope to its physiological ability, and the fish becomes psychologically satisfied to attain a larger rate of satiation. However, the rate of satiation of fish in shoal does not always show a constant value, even if the physical and chemical conditions are at an optimum. This implies that in rearing conditions the fish changes its behaviour in accordance to its previous experiences.View full abstractDownload PDF (612K) -
Jun-ichi TSUKIDATE1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1109-1114
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Grinnellia americana (C. AGARDH) HARVEY grew abnormally, appearing as aa filarmentous form when cultured with the sea water of Urayasu at the bottom of Tokyo Bay, though it grew normally with sea water from the mouth of Tokyo Bay.
2. After examining the effect of the vitamin B group and amino acids on the morphogenesis of Grinnellia americana, vitamin B12 was found to convert the abnormal form of the plant to the normal one in some instances.
3. Several strains of bacteria have been isolated from the surface of Grinnellia americana and one strain converted the abnormal form to the normal form in the 5 instances out of 7.
4. It was described that the bacterium which affected the morphogenesis might produce vitamin B12 in the environment, and B12 might be the key substance in determining, the morphogenesis of Grinnellia americana.View full abstractDownload PDF (313K) -
The Relation of Working Time to Wind Wave After Elimination of the Influence of Different Amount of CatchHiroshi MAÉDA, Shiro MINAMI1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1115-1121
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe regressive relations of the hauling-brailing time and the time expended to complete a haul on catch were examined after stratification of the records into the wave-grade groups, for the purpose of finding out the influence of wind wave after elimination of the influence of different amount of catch. And the results obtained are summarized as follows:
1. The time expended to complete a haul and the hauling-brailing time showed very significant regressive relation on catch in all the grades of wind wave.
2. These times had similar inclination on the catch and the grade of wind wave to each other, as shown in Fig. 2, in the general trend of the change of the constant with the grade of wind wave and in the values of coefficient at respective grades of wind wave except at the grade 7.
3. The influence of wind wave on the hauling-brailing time was far smaller than that of the catch, and was as small as to modify the time-catch relation slightly.
4. The wind wave in the range from the grade 1 to 5 did not cause significant difference in the hauling-brailing time, but the wind wave over the grade 6 retarded this step of work.
5. The increase in the hauling-brailing time with catch was the largest in the grade 2 and the second in the grade 3, although the difference due to this fact was not so large as modifying the above-mentioned general trend.View full abstractDownload PDF (237K) -
Acid Polysaccharide in the Shell of Hyriopsis schlegeliKoji WADA, Tamotsu FURUHASHI1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1122-1126
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has suggested histochemically that acid mucopolysaccharide-protein complex participates in the initiation of mineralization of some bivalve and gastropod shells at the time when there is no shell mineral4, 5). As a further study for elucidating the significance of acid polysaccharide in shell mineralization, the chemical composition and distribution of it were examined on the shell of Hyriopsis schlegeli.
The periostracum and organic matrix of nacre obtained from decalcified shells were digested with “pronase” at pH 8.0 and 50°C for 6 days and subsequently with trypsin at pH 7.5 and 37°C for 5 days, respectively. Acid polysaccharide was then separated from the digested organic matrices by the cetyl pyridinium chloride treatment as shown in Fig. 1.
Fraction A which contains acid polysaccharide has a large amount of protein but little amount of hexose (Table 2) and it seems to be an acid glycoprotein with sulfuric ester. The acid glycoprotein is detected in the organic matrix of the nacre (mineralized layer) but not in the periostracum (non-mineralized layer) as seen in Table 1. From the above results, it is supposed that the sulfate group of the matrix is in some way involved in the start of mineralization of molluscan shells.View full abstractDownload PDF (370K) -
Miyoshi HIRATA, Sumiro ISODA, Munefumi KANAO, Hiroya SHIMIZU, Shin-ich ...1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1127-1135
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNinety-two anthranilate derivatives were synthesized and examined for the anesthetic effect of these compounds on gold-fish and puffer. From these results, it is clear that compound No. 36, DP-1166, is the most potent anesthetic for fish and this compound also showed an excellent effectiveness on other kinds of fish.View full abstractDownload PDF (443K) -
Ladell CRAWFORD1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1136-1139
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (202K) -
Requirement for CholineChinkichi OGINO, Nagahisa UKI, Takeshi WATANABE, Zenzo IIDA, Kazuo AND ...1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1140-1146
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe requirement and deficiency symptoms of young carp for choline have been studied.
Carp fed a diet low in choline accumulated a large quantity of neutral fat in the hepatic tissue. This abnormality corresponded to fatty liver of mammals in chemical and histological conclusions. Amount of choline chloride needed for prevention from fatty liver of young carp was 60-120 mg per kg of body weight per day under the experimental conditions adopted.View full abstractDownload PDF (571K) -
Purification of PepsinMinoru KUBOTA, Akihiko OHNUMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1147-1151
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe gastric proteases of fishes have been studied in detail regarding enzyme properties. In the present paper, the purification method of the bonito pepsin was studied as a first step in the investigations to explain the enzymic characteristics of gastric proteases.
When the extraction methods of pepsin from gastric mucosa of bonito were tested by using distilled water, acid solution (0.05 N HCl, pH 2.0), alkaline solution (0.4M Na-acetate-0.4M Na-carbonate, pH 8.1) and 25% acetone water solution, distilled water extraction proved to give the best yield.
The pepsin purified by the modified method (Fig. 1) of Norris and Mathies (1953) had the specific activity of 0.198 [PU]HbmgPN which was 68 times as much as the original crude extract. From results of electrophoresis on starch gel (pH 3.2, 0.05M citrate buffer), it was ascertained that the hog crystallized pepsin showed only a spot migrating toward the anode. However, pepsin and the protease extracted from the gastric content of bonito showed two spots which migrated toward the cathode and were situated at approximately the same position. The bonito pepsin apparently differed from the hog crystallized pepsin in its electrophoretic behaviour.View full abstractDownload PDF (343K) -
Enzymic Properties of Bonito PepsinMinoru KUBOTA, Akihiko OHNUMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1152-1156
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the present paper, some enzymic properties of the bonito pepsin, purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation as described in the previous paper, were determined by comparison with the crystalline hog pepsin. The results obtained are as follows:
1. Effect of pH on PU (proteolytic activity). The optimum pH values of bonito pepsin were near 2 for the substrate of milk casein and hemoglobin and another optimum value was observed at near 3.6. Hog pepsin had optimum pH values of 1.6 for casein and 2.0 for hemoglobin.
2. Effect of substrate concentration on PU. Bonito and hog pepsins showed maximum activity in hemoglobin concentrations of 1.5-2.5%, and 0.7% (W/V), respectively.
3. Effect of reaction temperature on PU. These optimum temperatures for bonito and hog pepsins were 35°C and 45°C, respectively.
4. Stability. Considerable differences regarding thermal stability were not observed for both pepsins, but in a neutral solution hog pepsin was rather less stable than the bonito pepsin.
5. Substrate specificity. Pepsins of both bonito and hog exhibited proteolytic action on hemoglobin, but the former pepsin was less active than the latter for the synthetic substrate (N-acetyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-diiodotyrosine).
As conclusion, species specificity between the pepsins of bonito and hog can be detected in some enzymic properties.View full abstractDownload PDF (332K) -
Hisako SHIMMA, Yaichiro SHIMMA1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1157-1162
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe unsaponifiable constituents of liver oil of a frill shark, Chlamydosslachus anguineus, (Figs. 1 and 2, and Table 1) were separated into hydrocarbon, fatty alcohol, cholesterol, and glyceryl ether fractions by Florisil column chromatography (Table 2). Cholesterol amounted to 17.0% in the unsaponifiable or 82mg/g of liver oil and this is considered to be a high value when compared to other shark liver oils. Although the glyceryl ether fraction obtained by the separation was 2.4%, the content of this is estimated to be around 0.7%, because of the low yield of acetonates. The composition of alcohols and long-chain alcohol groups of glyceryl ethers were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (Table 3). The main constituents are 18:1, 20:1, 16:0 alcohols in wax, and 18:1, 16:0 and 16:1 alcohol-chains in glyceryl ethers.
Two fatty acid fractions were separated from the wax ester and triglyceride fractions (Fig. 3 and Table 5). The composition patterns of the acids showed little difference in the 22:1 and 22:6 acid contents.
Compared with the already known composition of wax and fatty acids of other fishes it is assumed that glyceryl ethers in shark liver oil are probable intermediates between wax esters and triglycerides during their evolutional process.View full abstractDownload PDF (586K) -
Yoshiro HASHIMOTO, Shoji KONOSU, Masaki SHIBOTA, Katsuko WATANABE1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1163-1171
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPeculiar human intoxications following the ingestion of silver mouthed turban-shell, Turbo (Marmarostoma) argyrostoma, have been described. The poisonings have some resemblance to typical ciguatera, but are apparently distinguished from it. Toxicity tests using mice with the water-soluble and fat-soluble fractions from specimens collected at various islands in the Pacific revealed that the mid-gut gland and gut contents were more or less toxic, while the muscle was non-toxic. The water-soluble toxin was partially purified and found to be non-dialyzable, extractable with n-butanol, precipitable with acetone, and hemolytic. The fat-soluble toxin differed from ciguatoxin to some extent.View full abstractDownload PDF (755K) -
Identification of a Keratosulfate-degrading BacteriumManabu KITAMIKADO, Ryuji UENO, Takashi NAKAMURA1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1172-1174
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (120K) -
Purification of a Bacterial Keratosulfate-degrading EnzymeManabu KITAMIKADO, Ryuji UENO1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1175-1180
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCrude keratosulfate-degrading enzyme was obtained from the culture fluid of a strain of Escherichia freundii by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The enzyme was then purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex filtration, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, CM-cellulose chromatography and CM-cellulose rechromatography. The final preparation was electrophoretically homogeneous and showed nearly 1, 750 times as much specific activity as that of the original culture fluid.View full abstractDownload PDF (530K) -
Keiichi OISHI, Naomichi KUNISAKI1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1181-1185
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAmong the various cultivating methods of Kombu, one of the palatable seaweeds in Japan, an accelerating method by HASEGAWA was successful in shortening the cultivation period from young to a commercial size corresponding to two-year-old plants. One of the authors reported that although the free proline content was higher in the one-year-old plant than in the two-year-old one, glutamic and aspartic acids were more dominant than the other amino acids in the extractives of the latter, and which has been proved to be superior to the former in quality by organoleptic assessments. The present paper describes the change of the free amino acid composition of Makombu during cultivation by HASEGAWA's accelerated method.
Four specimens were collected at Kakkumi near Hakodate City, Hokkaido, in April, May, June and July, and the base, central, and apex of the blade of each specimen was sampled for the analyses of free amino acids, total extractive nitrogen, and thickness. The results obtained are summarized in Table 2 and Figs. 1 to 5.
The quantitative changes of glutamic and aspartic acids, proline and alanine were most remarkable. The content of glutamic acid was low in April and May, but it increased considerably in June and July. Proline was richest in the base and central parts in the early growing stage. Thus, the cultivated plant in April and May and that in June and July are similar to the natural ones of the one and two-year-olds, respectively, in free amino acid composition.View full abstractDownload PDF (265K) -
Yasuo ÔSHIMA, Yasuaki OSADA, Mieko AKAGAWA, Nobuhiko NAKAZAWA1970 Volume 36 Issue 11 Pages 1186-1199
Published: November 25, 1970
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe authors investigated the potencies of some chemotherapeutics against infectious diseases in fish as observed in some breeding farms for marine or fresh water fish. Potassium-1-methyl-1, 4-dihydro-7-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-4-oxo-1, 8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid (DS-677 K) showed an excellent in vitro bactericidal effects against fish pathogens which cause some types of serious diseases in fish. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of this agent did not change with temperature. However, it's activity became reduced rapidly by sun light. Though tissue levels of this compound were low, chemotherapeutical effects in eel and gold fish, infected with A. liquefaciens, were higher than those of DF or TC which were used as control drugs.View full abstractDownload PDF (1178K)
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