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Volume 37, Issue 11
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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The Relationship Between the Drag Coefficient and Hanging Coefficient or Angle of IncidenceTuneo KONAGAYA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1033-1036
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing the wire net, the experiment was undertaken to obtain an empirical equation of the drag force that acts on the net when pulled parallel to the surface, while inclined to some extent, say an angle θ from the direction of motion.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) The relationship between the drag coefficients and φ could be expressed in the form of
D8φ=0.45(D/L) tanφ-0.60{(D/L) tanφ}3/2,
where φ is an angle of adjacent bars.
2) The velocity decrement due to the wakes have an effect on drag, but it has little or no effect on lift.View full abstractDownload PDF (175K) -
Movement of Mature Fish to the River from Coastal AreasRyuhei SATO, Takashi MAIWA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1037-1043
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMature chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta WALBAUM) apeared at Otsuchi Bay during late October to late December 1959. The largest daily catch was seen during late November and the total catch by 18 trap nets was 19, 478 fish for this season. Mature chum salmon that swam up the Otsuchi and Kotsuchi Rivers to spawn during late October to early and middle December 1959, and the total salmon catch in Otsuchi and Kotsuchi Rivers was 4, 733 and 313 fish, respectively. Only a few chum salmon entered Unosumai River during this year.
It may be said from comparisons of the catches from each trap net along the shore line of Otsuchi Bay that a majority of the mature chum salmon that migrate into Otsuchi Bay move toward Otsuchi River along the northern shore of the bay.
It may also be said from the succession of large daily catches among the trap nets along the northern shore line of Otsuchi Bay that mature chum salmon schools take roughly eight days to reach the end of the bay from the mouth of the bay. In this interval, the salmon seem to stay at the inner part of the bay for several days.
Mature chum salmon schools which reach the end of Otsuchi Bay seem to swim up the Otsuchi River mainly within one or two days after reaching the end of the bay.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
Hideo IWASAKI, Shunsuke TANAKA, Toraya FUJIYAMA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1044-1048
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present experiments were carried out to find suitable micro-organisms as foods for clam larvae, and thereby meet the demand. Among the five genera of algae used in the experiment, Rhodomonas ovalis of Cryptophyceae was found to be the best single food for the larvae of Scapharca suberenata LISCHKE. A mixture of Rhodomonas ovalis and Chromulina sp. (Chlorophyceae) also provided better growth of the larvae.
Artificial medium and enriched sea water which promote the high growth rate of R. ovalis were prepared. Maximal growth of 5.8×106 cells/ml or dry weight 270mg/l was obtained in these media at 20°C, 3, 000 lux. A constant population density of a high level (1-2×106 cells/ml) was maintained by harvesting 40-60 per cent of the culture in the exponential phase every other day and by replenishing with an equal quantity of the new medium. The old culture (phase of declining relative growth rate) does not maintain the constant level, even if diluted to 1-2×106 cells/ml.
The principle amino acids of R. ovalis are in general agreement with other reports1-3). Glutamic acid showed a comparatively high value. The essential amino acid index4) (EAA index) was observed to be 77.0.View full abstractDownload PDF (199K) -
Parasitism of Anchovy Worm on Three Seasonal Anchovy Groups in the Bungo Channel and the Hyuga SeaKenji NAKAJIMA, Syuzo EGUSA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1049-1055
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn a previous paper, it was reported that the anchovy worm which shows up in the body cabity of Engraulis japonica (HOUTTUYN) is a pre-staged larva of the bladder worm found in Seriola quinqueradiata TEMMINCH et SCHLEGEL. The present investigation was carried out so as to elucidate seasonal changes in the occurrence of anchovy worms in the Bungo Channel and the Hyuga Sea in connection with the migration of the 3 seasonal groups of anchovies, spring-, summer-and autumn-hatched in the mentioned areas. Seventy one samples of anchovies (17, 017 fishes in total) were collected at various seasons, from March 1968 to November 1970, from different localities.
The study revealed that the incidence of worm carring fishes differed definitely among the 3 anchovy groups. The occurrence rate of fishes carring the worms estimated with samples consisting of 7 to 11 months old fishes were 10.8 ?? 25.0% (average 19.2%) in spring-hatched group (12 samples), 4.2 ?? 15.4% (9.5%) in summer-hatched group (14 samples) and 1.1 ?? 7.7% (3.8%) in autumn-hatched group (17 samples). The incidence in the other 28 samples which were estimated to be under 6 or over 12 months old was relatively low, and no worm was found in the 3 and 4 months old samples. The smallest fish which harboured the worm was 7.6cm in body length (sample No. 7).
Out of the 71 sample groups, 53 samples were caught in the Uwa Sea, the north eastern part of the Bungo Channel. A definite seasonal variation in the incidence of the worm was noticed in this area throughout the 3 years, being highest in autumn and winter and lowest in summer. These seasonal variations were satisfactorily explained from the annual migration modes of the 3 hatching groups which markedly differed from each other in the incidence of the worm.View full abstractDownload PDF (1208K) -
Studies on a New Trypanorhynchan Larva, Callotetrarhynchus sp., Parasitic on Cultured Yellowtail-VIIGeographical Distribution of the Anchovy WormKenji NAKAJIMA, Syuzo EGUSA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1056-1061
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to know the distribution of the anchovy worm, 79 samples (17, 235 fishes in total) of Engraulis japonica (HOUTTUYN) were collected from 65 localities along the coast of Japan, except the Bungo Channel, the Hyuga Sea and the Hokkaido Sea Region.
Of the 79 samples, only 27 which were collected from the western half of Japan, viz., the Seto Inland Sea, the west coast of Kyushu and the north coast of Chugoku were found to carry the worm (incidence: 0.5-19.1%). When results of the earlier work (VI) were also considered, the incidence was highest in the Bungo Cchannel and the western part of the Seto Inland Sea. These facts seem to show the existence of a distributional center of the worm in these areas.
On the basis of these findings discussion was made on the possibility that the worm may be used as an indicator of the local populations of the anchovy.View full abstractDownload PDF (560K) -
Kazuhisa NISHIMURA, Noboru ABE1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1062-1066
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe following results were obtained by analyses of the striped marlin landed at Habu fish market in Oshima.
1. The fishing season begins in January and continues towards the end of June, while the best fishing period is between March and April. The most caught fish is striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax), and other marlins in lesser amounts are broadbill sword fish (Xiphias gladius), black marlin (Makaira mazara), and white marlin (Makaira indica). Sail-fish (Istiophorus platypterus) also in caught. The less caught fishes mentioned above per total catch is of a very small rate, about 2.2%.
2. The landed fish can be divided into two groups from their average body weights for each month.
1) The first groups body weight ranges from 55kg to 50kg, and is mostly caught between January and May.
2) The second groups body weight is in the range of 30kg, and is usually caught in June.
3. There is a relationship (r=-0.77) between the average distance of the Kuroshio current, from early February to early May (the minimal distance from the point which this current passes throng 140°E. Long to 35°N. Lat.), and fisheries yield.
4. The larger the Kuroshio current passing through at this point (34°N. Lat. & 139°30' E. Long.), the greater appears the yield. So we can forecast striped marlin fishing conditions from a forecast of the Kuroshio current.View full abstractDownload PDF (313K) -
Syoiti TANAKA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1067-1072
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) A trial for estimating the tag shedding rate from drifting seaweed was made. This was needed to evaluate the rate of exploitation of drifting seaweeds from the tagging experiments of them.
2) The maximum likelihood estimates were obtained for three groups in different years and/or areas of release by means of iteration. The precision of the estimates were also evaluated.
3) The values of the coefficient of tag shedding ranged 0.017-0.022 with the average of 0.019 which is close to 2% per day. The difference between years or areas of release was not demonstrated. The coefficients of variation of the estimates were roughly within the range of 20-30%.View full abstractDownload PDF (316K) -
Keiichi OISHI, Shigemi OKA, Yoko SUGINO1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1073-1078
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome quantitative methods for nitrite in fish roe have already been published. In the present study, the characteristic factors of each method were examined twice by the table of orthogonal arrays of the 24 type with 16 replicates.
From the experimental results, the authors present the following procedure: Extract 5 grams of the ground roe in a beaker of 100ml volume with 40ml of distilled water at 80°C for 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, add 5ml of saturated HgCl2 solution to the mixture. Remove it into a measuring flask of 100ml. Add distilled water to make the volume 100ml. Filter the mixture. Develop the color of the aliquot filtrate with a sulfamine reagent for nitrite determination. Measure the absorbance at 540mμ. The nitrite content of pollack roe sometimes decreases even after one day at 0°C.
The recovery was 85.4% when 5 ppm of nitrite was added to the fish roe. From 6 repetitions of the determination, the coefficient of variation obtained was 3.44%.View full abstractDownload PDF (374K) -
Mitsuzo TAKAGI, Atsushi IIDA, Shigemi OKA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1079-1083
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing the muscle of squid and octopus belonging to Cephalopoda in mollusca, the amounts of unvolatile amines formed during putrefaction were determined by the ninhydrin reaction with a Hitachi Amino Acid Analyzer Model KLA-3. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
The kinds of unvolatile amines formed during spoilage in the muscle of squid, Todarodes pacifiicus, were confirmed to be cadaverine and extremely small amounts of putrescine, but histamine and tyramine were not found. In Paroctopaas dofleini dofteini, a species of octopus, cadaverine, putrescine, and very small amounts of tyramine were found during spoilage in its muscle. However, the formation of histamine was not confirmed.
Putrefaction took place more easily in the boiled muscle of octopus than in the raw material.View full abstractDownload PDF (346K) -
The Characteristics of Pathogens Belonging to Group V Isolated from Dead FishKatumi HIRANO, Yasuo YONE1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1084-1087
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the previous study1), numerous organisms were isolated from livers of red sea bream, Chrysophrys major, which had died during keeping after transportation, and the isolates were classified into thirteen groups on the basis of certain characteristics. Organisms belonging to group V and X showed pathogenicity in fish.
The present paper deals with the characteristics and identification of the organisms belonging to group V.
The results can be summarized as follows:
1) Vegetative cells are Vibrio-shaped rods having a single polar flagellum. Their size is about 1.5 microns in length and 0.7 microns in width.
2) The organisms grew well in the nutrient broth containing 1 to 5 percent sodium chloride. The optimal growth at a 3 percent NaCI level was observed in the temperature range 20° to 35°C and in the pH range 5 to 9.
3) The organisms were identified as Vibrio anguillarum like bacterium K-310, 11), based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics.View full abstractDownload PDF (240K) -
Modification of Acetylene Method for the Measurement of in situ Rate of Nitrogen FixationIsao SUGAHARA, Akira KAWAI1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1088-1092
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor the purpose of estimating the in situ rate of nitrogen fixation which proceeds in aquatic environments, some modification has been made in the acetylene reduction method by the authors.
The analysis of ethylene formed from acetylene was carried out by a gas chromatograph which was equipped with a hydrogen flame ionization detector and a column (750×3mm, 100°C) of activated charcoal coated with 1.5% squalane. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 100mL/min.
The procedure for the in situ measurement of acetylene reduction was as follows: A glass bottle (150mL) fitted with a rubber stopper and a stop cock was used for the reaction vessel. After incubating the bottle containing the water sample and the gas mixture of acetylene, argon and oxygen at the in situ position of the sample for 30 or 60 minutes, ethylene produced in the bottle was absorbed into a solution of mercuric perchlorate using the ethylene trapping system.View full abstractDownload PDF (294K) -
On the in situ Nitrogen Fixation in Water RegionsIsao SUGAHARA, Tomoji SAWADA, Akira KAWAI1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1093-1099
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn various water environments, the rate of nitrogen fixation was estimated by the use of the acetylene method which was modified by the present authors in the previous paper. The rate ranged from 0.3 to 4.46mg N/hr/m3, depending on seasons, localities of the water regions, etc. Considerably high values were observed in the water of fish culture ponds and the rate estimated in the sea water of Maizuru Bay was similar to that in fresh water environments. Nitrogen fixation by microorganisms of size larger than 5 μ amounted to 30-50% of the total activity of the water in fresh water environments. In fresh water regions, nitrogen fixation proceeds actively in the bottom sediments rather than in the water.View full abstractDownload PDF (420K) -
Changes in Extractable Protein of Surimi during Cold StorageShigeru UMEMOTO, Koichi KANNA, Kazushi IWATA1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1100-1104
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was previously reported that protein insolubilization in frozen Surtimi (minced fish meat) occurred during cold storage. In order to investigate the process of protein denaturation, gel filtration and ultracentrifugal analyses were conducted on protein extracts from the Surtimi.
Samples of frozen Surimi were prepared from washed muscle of Alaska pollack, Theragra charcogramma, of two grades of freshness by mixing with 5% sucrose and 0.2% phosphate. These were then stored at -20°C for up to 13 months or at -10°C for up to 8 months. The Surimi protein was extracted with KCl-phosphate buffer solution (I=0.5, pH 7.2), and the extracts were subjected to gel filtration and ultracentrifugal analyses. The elution patterns obtained by gel filtration of the protein extracts on Sepharose 2 B, showed a peak of actomyosin, and the size of this peak decreased during cold storage. Eluted protein corresponding to myosin fraction also decreased during cold storage. Ultracentrifugal sedimentation patterns of the proten extracts showed a peak of actomyosin and this peak also became less pronounced as the length of the cold storage period increased. These results indicate that both the actomyosin and myosin fraction proteins in the frozen Surimi are insolubilized during cold storage.View full abstractDownload PDF (346K) -
Hideaki YAMANAKA, Ian M. MACKIE1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1105-1109
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe changes in the activity of a sarcoplasmic ATPase during iced-storage and frozen-storage of cod, Gadus morhua, were examined in order to discuss whether the sarcoplasmic ATPase was useful as an index of quality test of iced-stored and frozen-stored cod or not. A few properties of this enzyme were studied too.
A sarcoplasmic ATPase was present in an aqueous extract of cod flesh. This enzyme was activated by magnesium ion and inhibited by calcium ion and was believed to be attached to particulate matter which could be precipitated by centrifugation at 7, 000×g. When cod was stored in ice the activity was lost over 2 weeks but in only 1 week at -15°C. This enzyme is of potential value as an index of quality of iced but not frozen-stored cod.View full abstractDownload PDF (293K) -
Kinetic Studies on the Hydrolysis Reaction of Nα-Benzoyl-L-arginineamide Catalyzed by Mackerel ProteinaseZentaro OOSHIRO1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1110-1114
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSKinetic studies have been made on the hydrolytic reactions of synthetic peptide catalyzed by purified mackerel proteinase. The kinetic constant, the apparent Michaelis constant Km and the apparent maximal velocity Vmax, were determined for the hydrolysis of Nα-benzoyl-L-arginineamide.
It is important to note that the factors which influence the velocity of enzyme reactions may be produced by either one of the following: by an effect on the formation, or an effect on the breakdown, of the enzyme-substrate complex.
The Michaelis constant Km and the maximal velocity Vmax were found to be 0.79 X 10-3 M and 27.7 M per mole of enzyme per min. respectively, at pH 9.0 and 35°C. The activation energy for the mackerel proteinase is calculated to be 6.5 K cal.
Judging from the results of kinetic analysis, it was proposed that, combined with substrate in the activated complex, a sort of ES-complex is readily formed by the mackerel proteinase.View full abstractDownload PDF (254K) -
Preventive Effect of Amino Acids and Related CompoundsSatoshi NOGUCHI, Juichiro J. MATSUMOTO1971 Volume 37 Issue 11 Pages 1115-1122
Published: November 25, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy using an in vitro model test system, a study was done on the preventive effect of 29 substances on freezing denaturation at -30°C for periods of 4 to 8 weeks.
The rate of denaturation was followed by estimating solubility, viscosity, and ATPase activity, as well as superprecipitation. The overall results might be summarized as follows:
Additives with marked effect: Glutamate, aspartate, cysteine, β-alanine, ϒ-aminobutyric acid, cysteate, acetylglycine and EDTA.
Additives with moderate effect: lysine, histidine, ornithine, serine, betaine and triphosphate.
Additives with little or no effect: glycine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, L- and DL-threonine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine, glycylglycine, folic acid, ethylenediamine, creatinine, pyrophosphate and phytin.
In the experiment testing the effect of the combined use of two kinds of amino acids, some synergistic effect was observed with the combination of lysine and threonine, of lysine and serine, as well as of lysine and cysteine. No increased effect was found when amino acids were added to glutamate.
Discussion of the results suggests that the protective effect of the substances are closely related with their functional groups, their spatial structure and other physico-chemical properties.View full abstractDownload PDF (435K)
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