NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
Volume 39, Issue 1
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
  • Takeyuki DOI
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fisheries managements are to maintain populations at a level at which the maximum sustainable yield can be provided. For this purpose it is necessary to clarify the reproductive mechanism but unfortunately it is almost unknown in many kinds of fishes. To overcome this difficulty a rapid method developed and explained here is considered very useful to obtain the optimum coefficient of fishing mortality.
    Yield isopleth diagram is not adequate for regulation measures, because it is only a technique for determining the catch of given recruits. In the rapid method, however, reproductivity is introduced and is as described below. The number of spawning adults, A, will be calculated, therefore rates of decrease of A to that of the virgin stock can be obtained. Thus the contours of the rates can be drawn, overlapped on the yield isopleth diagram. Usually the rate in maximum sustainable yield is approximately 1/2. Regulation measures such as fishing efforts and mesh size of net are to take care of the steps to approach the 1/2 contour line of rate. If the actual rate would be below 1/3, the status of the population is in an unfavourable phase for fishing. Rates between 1/2 to 1/3 should be considered as the cautious phase.
    As for chrysophrys major in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, the present rate of decrease of spawning adults is much less than 1/3. The extreme depletion of the population can be explained by this unfavourable phase. The most effectual maximum sustainable yield can be achieved by adopting adequate regulations as follows; 1/4 of present fishing effort and 100mm mesh-size net instead of the 54mm at present.
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  • Susumu KURITA, Syoito TANAKA, Masako MOGI
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 7-16
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to know about the dynamics of the saury population in the Pacific Ocean off northern Japan, the catch and effort statistics of the saury lift net fishery were analysed. The abundance index and the effective over-all fishing intensity for every 10-day period was calculated, and the yearly and seasonal variations of the available population were examined in relation to the fishing intensity. Although the catch showed a clear trend of decline after 1962, the abundance of the saury population appeared to be maintained until 1967. The fishing intensity was considered to be reduced since the latter half of the 1950's. The seasonal change of the abundance had a general trend, but it varied from year to year. The role of fish-ing intensity in seasonal variation was not clear because the total coefficient of decrease during the season showed apparently negative correlation with the fishing intensity of the season. Certainly immigration and emigration of fish from the fishing ground played an important role in the seasonal variation. Some discussions on the effect of oceanographic conditions, such as the distribution of water masses on the migration of saury, have been given.
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  • Analysis of the Data of Pre-war Period
    Syoiti TANAKA
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 17-23
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Taggings of a considerable number of yellowtails, Seriola quinqueradiata, were conducted in the pre-war period (1926-1938). The general pattern of migration of this species shown by these experiments is conformable with that obtained from experiments in 1963-1965; the southward migration in spring along the coast of Japan west of Cape Nojima, central Japan, and the northward migration in summer from central to northern Japan, north of Cape Nojima. It seems that the fish group in the Kumanonada and eastern areas intermingled with that off Kyushu in areas off Shikoku. The releases in the Kumanonada area in March and early April presented a trend of southward movement but the releases after early April showed only northward movements. The movement from the Kumanonada to the Sagami Bay and further north was not observed in the post-war period. It may be considered that a part of southward migrants change their direction of movement toward north on their way to south, and that the turning point of these fish was in the Kumanonada in the pre-war period but has shifted toward east to the Sagami Bay in the post-war period.
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  • Yayoi IKEDA, Hisao OZAKI, Hideaki YASUDA
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 25-33
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Variations in circulus patterns of scales versus various physiological environments, namely the so-called scale rings, are the records of their life history. To analyze these records, studies were carried out on the formation of scale rings under physiologically restricted conditions using goldfish, Carassius auratus as material. The specimens of scales were taken from the dorsal and ventral sides of the lateral line scale (L-scale) at the level of the anterior end of the dorsal fin on the left body side. Seventy specimens from seven groups of the fish were collected. They were 0.5 to 2.5 years old and fed at 25°C or room temperature for 30 or 50 days. The specimens of scales were measured with respect to cranial radius, circulus number and circulus interval. The shape and size of the scales were a function of their position. The ones adjacent to L-scale were the largest and became smaller as they diverged from it. The distri-bution of relative size in regard to scale position had no relationship to body size. The growth rates of scale radius were larger in the scales which were located nearer to the L-scale. The specific growth rates were constant regardless of the scale position that varied with age or body size. The augmentations in circulus number were similar in character as to the growth of scales. The circulus intervals were narrower in the younger than in the older fish. For a specimen, the circulus interval in scales situated dorsally to the L-scale were narrower than those located ventrally.
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  • Nobuoki SUZUKI, Kanehisa HASHIMOTO, Fumio MATSUURA
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 35-41
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Attempts were made to clarify the cause of the characteristic dark red color of fresh skipjack meat, and to obtain data elucidating the empirical fact that skipjack meat is discolored much faster than other tuna fish meats during storage. The results are summarized as follows:
    1) The presence of fairly large amounts of hemoglobin, mostly in the deoxy form due to the Root effect, was found to be responsible for the characteristic color of skipjack meat.
    2) Both at 2-4°C and at about -20°C, the discoloration velocity of skipjack meat during storage was much faster than that of bigeye tuna. Unlike the meats of other tuna fishes, skipjack meats derived from superficial and inner parts and stored at about -20°C showed almost the same velocity of discoloration regardless of source. It was suggested that these features of stored skipjack meat may be attributed to such factors as the lower pH of the meat and the greater ease with which the enzymic system capable of reducing metmyoglobin loses its activity after fish death.
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  • Takao MATSUNO, Takahisa KUSUMOTO, Tetsuo WATANABE, Yasuro ISHIHARA
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 43-50
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The carotenoid pigments of the carapace, eggs, hepatopancreas and exuviae of spiny lobster, Panulirus japonicas, were investigated.
    The following nine carotenoid pigments as free or esterified forms were identified from the carapace: β-carotene, echinenone, canthaxanthin, phoenicoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, cynthiaxanthin, 4-keto-zeaxanthin (30%) and astaxanthin (45%).
    On the other hand in the exuviae, a series of keto-carotenoids, namely, canthaxan-thin, phoenicoxanthin (21%), 4-keto-zeaxanthin and astaxanthin (67%) were found in free forms.
    Eggs contained only unesterified carotenoids; astaxanthin (36.8% ), β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and cynthiaxanthin.
    In the carapace, eggs and exuviae, astaxanthin was the principal carotenoid pig-ment, while in the hepatopancreas, β-carotene (76%) was dominant. The following metabolic pathways of carotenoids in spiny lobster are suggested.
    (1) β-carotene →echinenone→canthaxanthin→phoenicoxanthin→astaxanthin
    (2) zeaxanthin→4-keto-zeaxanthin→ astaxanthin
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  • Takao MATSUNO, Toshiko AKITA, Michiko HARA
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 51-54
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The major carotenoid pigment obtained from skin of japanese anchovy has been designated as anchovyxanthin.
    The present investigation, however, revealed the identity of anchovyxanthin with authentic zeaxanthin by direct comparison of their chemical and physical properties.
    The presence of other carotenoid pigments, namely, β-carotene and astaxanthin, was also clarified.
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  • Distribution of Thiaminase in Marine Fish
    Tadashi ISHIHARA, Hisashi KINARI, Masato YASUDA
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 55-59
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fifty species of marine fish were investigated for the distribution of thiaminase I. and high thiaminase activity was detected in the following 11 species, namely, Konosirus punctatus, Engraulis japonica, Cololabis saira, Hemiramphus sajori, Fistularia petimba, Sardinops melanosticta, Harenguta zunasi, Prognichthys agoo, Spratelloides japonicus, Tylosurus melanotus, and Mugil cephalus.
    In the first five of these species thiaminase activity was found in the muscle as well as in the viscera. The other species did not show such activity in the muscle. Generally, thiaminase activity was higher in the viscera than in the muscle. It was particularly high in the spleen of Mugil cephalus, in the kidney of Cololabis saira and Konosirus punctatus, and in the intestine of Hemiramphus sajori.
    With seven out of the above 11 species, the optimum pH value for thiaminase ranged from 4.0 to 6.5. However, with some species, it varied by organ even within the same individual fish: the optimum pH value for thiaminase with Mugil cephalus was 5.5 in the spleen but 6.5 in the liver and pyloric caecurn. With Tylosurus melanotus, it was 4.0 in the spleen but 5.5 in the liver.
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  • Behavior of Electrolytes in Sucrose Solution
    Eiji NIWA, Bunji MORI, Masato MIYAKE
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 61-67
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    To clarify the retardative mechanism of protein denaturation by the addition of saccharides during cold storage of minced fish meat (Surimi), the behavior of electrolytes in sucrose solution was studied by the electrochemical method and the following results were obtained.
    1) The electrical conduction of electrolytes in sucrose solution is small in comparison with that of electrolytes in water. This is caused by the decrease in the migration of ions.
    2) The degree of dissociation of electrolytes in sucorse solution is exactly equal to that of electrolytes in water.
    3) The relation between conductivity and viscosity of the solvent, as to the sucrose solution, follows WALDEN's rule.
    4) The denaturation of actomyosin during storage under various circumstances is retarded also by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG).
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  • ATP-breakdowns in Canned Albacore and Skipjack in Relation to the Organoleptic Inspection
    Yutaka FUJII, Katsuo SHUDO, Kunisuke NAKAMURA, Senji ISHIKAWA, Minoru ...
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 69-84
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The ratios of HX and IMP content to total HX, HXR and IMP content in canned albacore and skipjack meat were measured and correlated with organoleptic judgments by Japanese and American inspectors in order to establish a useful chemical index of meat “decomposi-tion”. A linear relation expressed by a simple equation and a high correlation coefficient (over 0.9) between the HX or IMP ratios in raw and canned meat was obtained. As the inspection scores (odour judgments by Japanese inspectors) pass from high rating a' through b, b' down to low ratings C and D, there is a definite increase in the HX ratios of the respecti-vely rated canned meats. From this, it was inferred that the Japanese inspection standard of odour is closely related to the freshness of fish material. The Japanese inspection scores based on odour and the American inspection judgments of “decomposition” of canned albacore and skipjack prepared from frozen fish agreed fairly well with each other. There was, however, a pronounced disagreement in inspection judgements of canned “winter albacore” and canned skipjack prepared from iced fish.
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  • A Taxonomic Study of Marine Bacteria Taking Part in the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate (4)
    Haruo SHINANO
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 85-90
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the previous papers the author gave the results of his taxonomic investigations of three groups of bacteria: Cocci, Gram negative and monopolar flagellated rods, Gram negative and peritrichous flagellated rods. In this report, the taxonomic inves-tigations of 77 strains of the bacteria belonging to the group of Gram negative and non-motile rods were made according to Bergey's Manual and Shewan's determinative scheme. The results obtained were summarized as follows:
    1. Fifty five strains belonged to the genus Achromobacter and 22 strains to the genus Flavobacterium.
    2. The fifty five strains of the genus Achromobocter were identified as A. eurydice (25 strains), A. butyri (15 strains); A. parvulus (8 strains) or A. steanohalis (7 strains) and the 22 strains of the genus Flavobacterium were identified as F. solare (17 strains), F. lutescens (4 strains) and F. domitator (1 strain) respectively.
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  • A Taxonomic Study of the Yeasts of Marine Origin Taking Part in the Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate
    Haruo SHINANO
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 91-95
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Recently, BUCK and GREENFIELD have reported that 3 strains of yeast from sea water or a deep-sea core also take part in the precipitation of calcium carbonate. In this report, taxonomic investigation of 32 strains of yeasts from sea water taking part in the precipitation of calcium carbonate were made according to the method of LODDER and KREGER-VAN RIJ. Twenty nine strains of the yeasts belonged to the 3 genera, Rhodotorula, Candida or Debaryomyces as a result of the taxonomic exami-nation based on the various morphological, biochemical and biological properties. Fur-thermore, the 24 strains of the genus Rhodotorula were identifiedas R.mucilaginosa (17 strains), R. glutinis (5 strains), R. minuta (1 strain) or R. rubra (1 strain) and the 4 strains of the genus Candida were C. intermedia (2 strains), C. albicans (1 strain) or C. parapsilosis (1 strain) respectively. One strain of the genus Debaryomyces was identified as D. nicotianae and the 3 strains remaining may be recognized as an imperfect type of Saccharomyces fructuum lacking the ability for ascospore formation.
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  • Genus Oncorhynchus (Salmon)
    Katsuhiko YOSHIYASU
    1973 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 97-114
    Published: January 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Hemoglobins of mainly native species of genus Oncorhynchus fishes distributed in various rivers and a lake in the southwestern part of Japan were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis. Results obtained are as follows.
    1) The “amago” specimens which were caught in the isolated areas gave an almost uniform pattern with little individual differences. So were the cases with “yamame” and “biwamasu”. The patterns of both fishes in addition, were indistinguishable from each other. On the other hand, the specimens living in the areas where the hybridization among those fishes seems possible due to the geographical reason or due to the stocking with some of those fishes, showed wide individual differences in Hb pattern.
    2) Their Hb patterns inculding that of “nijimasu”, were practically the same in respect of six components near the origin, Hb a, Hb b, Hb c, Hb d, Hb e and Hb f. However, Hb g, Hb h, and Hb i, all of which migrated faster to the anode than Hb's a-f, were almost common to the Oncorhynchus fishes, but not to “nijimasu”. As for Hb's j-1, Hb 1 was observed in “amago” and “iwame”, but not at all in “yamame” and “biwamasu”. Furthermore, the relative proportions of Hb j and Hb k in “yamame” and “biwamasu” were clearly less, compared to those in “amago” and “nijimasu”.
    3) In some specimens of “amago”, Hb components regarded as “abnormal” were detected. In such cases another “abnormal” Hb component appeared additionally in one and the same specimen: e.g., in a pair of Hb z' and Hb b _??_, or Hb z and Hb b”.
    4) The present results agree with the theory that “biwamasu” is not the lacustrine form of “amago”, the theory chiefly based on the morphological observations such as the aspect of scales. Considering not only the feature of Hb pattern but the ecological observations, “biwamasu” could be the offspring of the original species of “amago” that made a peculiar evolution in Lake Biwa. In this connection, it may be suggested that “biwamasu” and “amago” be treated as two different subspecies.
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