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Volume 41, Issue 11
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Takeo ISHII, Toshiro KUROKI, Minoru NISHIMURA, Keishi SHIBATA, Hajime ...1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1087-1094
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to furnish quantitative information for population analysis, the develop-ment of a direct method to count the echo patterns of large sized fish individuals such as tuna, using a pattern analysis technique, was undertaken by the Division of Population Dynamics of Marine Organisms, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo. The development of this direct method was started from 1967.
For this project, basic experiments were planned by the staff of the Division and the authors conducted the said basic experiments on two cruises (KT-68-5, KT-68-24) of R. V. Tansei Maru (257.69 ton), University of Tokyo, on Sagami Bay in April and November 1968.
The results are summarized as follows:
1) The maximum depth in which a single fish (Ts=-26dB) can possibly be detected by the use of the fish detector is about 150m.
2) The beam axis is inclined forward and the angle from the beam axis to the vertical axis is 3.54-4°
3) The range of the fork length of fishes (yellowfin tuna, rainbow runner and little tuna), hung by rope to a drifting buoy, was 50-130cm, and the range of target strength for those targets was -28.5 ?? -14.5dB.
4) The effect of ship speed on attenuation of received signal was measured with the effect of wind direction at three levels of ship speed.
5) Echo signals were recorded on magnetic tapes at several ship speeds when the ship passed near a buoy. The considerable variability of echo patterns was recognized even for the same buoy at the same ship speed.View full abstractDownload PDF (617K) -
Osamu TSUKADA, Hideo TAKADA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1095-1099
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome mechanisms of the action of NaCl-hypertonicity on proliferation of cells and on the changes in dry weight per cell were examined in the present paper by using a strain MY701 of Chlorella saccharophila. The following two evidences were obtained; 1) the hypertonicity with NaCl led to a higher rate of photosynthesis and also increase in dry weight per cell and probably inhibited the rupture of mother-cell wall, and 2) the photosynthetic rate and the dry weight per cell tended to change differently from early phase to late phase. In other words, the response of the salt-tolerant strain of Chlorella to the salinity was different at successive development stages.View full abstractDownload PDF (278K) -
Effects of Alloxan and Hydrocortisone Administration on Amino Acid Mobilization in the Hepatectomized EelYasuo INUI, Motoyoshi YOKOTE1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1101-1104
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor better understanding the roles of insulin and hydrocortisone on amino acid mobilization in the eel, the effects of alloxan and hydrocortisone on blood glucose and plasma amino nitrogen content were studied using hepatectomized eels.
Hepatectomy, the removal of a principal site of plasma amino acid uptake, facilitated the observation of changes in amino acid mobilization in the eel.
Alloxan administration evoked a marked increase in the plasma amino nitrogen level of the hepatectomized eels. On the other hand, hydrocortisone treatment produced no statistically significant change in their plasma amino nitrogen content.
From these results, it is clear that insulin insufficiency caused by alloxan accelerates amino acid mobilization in the eel. However, hydrocortisone seems to have little effect on amino acid mobilization.View full abstractDownload PDF (191K) -
Effects of Hepatectomy, alloxan, and Mammalian Insulin on the Behavior of Plasma Amino AcidsYasuo INUI, Shigeru ARAI, Motoyoshi YOKOTE1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1105-1111
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of hepatectomy, alloxan injection, and insulin injection on the behavior of plasma amino acids of the eel were studied. All the amino acids except α-amino-n-butylic acid, taurine, and citrulline increased in concentration following hepatectomy. Alloxan injection into non-hepatectomized eel produced increases in the concentrations of all the essential amino acids except lysine and histidine, while the nonessentials, excepting α-amino-n-butylic acid, proline, and tyrosine, were either not affected or decreased. In contrast to this, alloxan administration to hepatectomized eels produced marked increases in the concentrations of most amino acids including nonessentials which remained unchanged in alloxanized eels with the liver in situ. Insulin injection led to a decrease in the concentrations of all the plasma amino acids except citrulline.
Plasma amino acids examined in the present experiment were tentatively classified into three groups according to their response to the experimental conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (254K) -
Physico-chemical and Electron Microscopical Studies of Freeze-denatured Carp ActomyosinMoritoshi OGUNI, Toshiyuki KUBO, Juichiro J. MATSUMOTO1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1113-1123
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith a view to exploring the molecular nature of the freeze-denaturation of muscle proteins, a multi-aspect study was done on carp actomyosin including measurements of solubility, viscosity, ATP-response, salting-out behavior, ultracentrifugal behavior and electron-microscopical observations.
The solubility and intrinsic viscosity of actomyosin decreased with the length of frozen storage and the ultracentrifugal patterns showed aggregation proceeding during frozen storage. However, the loss of ATP-response appearing early in frozen storage suggested the occurrence of either dissociation into actin and myosin or the loss of dissociating capacity on addition of ATP. Electron microscopical observations showed that, by freezing and frozen storage, actomyosin filaments are not only aggregated side-to-side and/or cross-wise but are entangled into net-like masses, which appear even in centrifuged supernatants after prolonged frozen storage. Salting-out analysis showed that combination of actin and myosin is generally preserved after frozen storage.
It was proposed that during frozen storage, actomyosin filaments form net-worked masses through aggregation and entangling and become increasingly insoluble with the growth in net-work and particle size of the masses.View full abstractDownload PDF (2089K) -
Properties of Phosphogluconate DehydrogenaseFumio NAGAYAMA, Hiroshi OHSHIMA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1125-1128
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSProperties of phosphogluconate dehydrogenases isolated from the liver of carp, grass carp, rainbow trout, eel, and yellowtail were investigated. On DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, the isolate of each species produced a single peak of enzyme activity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 100, 000, and the optimum pH was found to be between 8.0-8.3. The enzyme was highly specific for NADP and 6-phosphogluconate for which Km values were 4.4-2.7, μM and 21-58 μM , respectively. From these results, the enzyme was considered to be phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.41).
Mg2+ and ATP inhibited the enzyme activity, while dehydroisoandrosterone had no effect at all. There were no marked differences among the properties of the enzymes from different species.View full abstractDownload PDF (198K) -
Nobuhiko TANAKA, Masami NAKANISHI, Hajime KADOTA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1129-1134
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs an attempt to make clear the process by which glycollate-utilizing bacteria become dominant in the photosynthetic layer of the water column of Lake Biwa in summer, we studied the physiological characteristics of glycollate-utilizing bacteria which were isolated from water samples collected at different depths in Lake Biwa.
All the strains of glycollate-utilizing bacteria isolated from the Lake Biwa waters showed better growth in media containing casamino acids as carbon and nitrogen sources than in media which contained sodium ammonium phosphate as the sole source of nitrogen, and glycollate, acetate or glucose as the sole source of carbon. From the growth patterns in the media containing each of these three carbon sources, the glycollate-utilizing bacteria were divided into five types. The population of the bacteria which showed relatively abundant growth in media containing glycollate and which required organic nitrogen sources for good growth increased in the photosynthetic layer in summer. Based on the physiological characteristics of the types mentioned above, the reason why glycollate-utilizing bacteria become dominant in the photosynthetic layer in summer was discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (299K) -
Nobuo SEKI, Kunihiko KONNO1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1135-1141
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTropomyosin was extracted with 1M potassium chloride solution from the dried muscle powder of carp and purified by isoelectric precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration using Sephadex G-200.
The ultraviolet spectrum of the carp tropomyosin showed the absence of a nucleotide contaminant. The absorbance for a 0.1% solution of 1cm path length at 278 mμ was 0.290. The viscometric properties of carp tropomyosin were similar to those of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin. Intrinsic viscosity of both tropomyosins was determined to be 0.36 dl/g. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, carp tropo-myosin showed a single band with similar mobility to the faster one of two bands present in rabbit tropomyosin. Although tropomyosin inhibited the Mg2+-ATPase activity of desensitized carp actomyosin at 2mM Mg2+-ATP in the presence and absence of Ca2+, it had no effect on the Ca2+-sensitivity. In the presence of carp troponin, tropomyosin conferred Ca2+-sensitivity on the Mg2+-ATPase and super-precipitation of desensitized actomyosin.
It was suggested that the mechanisms and functions of the regulatory system in carp muscle were essentially the same as those of the rabbit.View full abstractDownload PDF (932K) -
Minoru YAMADA, Kenji HAYASHI1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1143-1152
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe lipids from 22 species of fish and mollusk were examined.
In the fatty acid compositions of fish lipids the monoenoic acid was the most predominant component.
Although the marine fish lipids resembled the fresh-water fish lipids as to the contents of total monoenoic acids and of 18:1 acid, the former was rich in 20:1 and 22:1 acids, and the latter in 16:1 acid. Of the polyenoic acid 20:5 and 22:6 acids predominated in marine fish lipids, but in the fresh-water fish lipids, smaller amounts of 20:5 and 22:6 acids, and larger amounts of 18:2 and 18:3 acids were found.
The flesh and viscera lipids of ‘KICHIJI’, spiney-cheek, contained a much larger amount of 18:1 acid and smaller amounts of 20:5, 22:6 and 16:0 acids than the average values in marine fish lipids.
These characteristics in the fatty acid composition of ‘KICHIJI’ lipid are common to the lipids of deep-sea fish, and are considered to be related to the mesopelagic origin of ‘KICHIJI’.View full abstractDownload PDF (437K) -
On the Fatty Acid Composition of the Neuterl Lipids in Six Species of GadiformesKenji HAYASHI, Minoru YAMADA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1153-1160
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this report, the neutral lipids (NL) in liver, viscera excluding liver and gonad, and flesh of six species of Gadiformes caught from various depths, namely, Eleginus gracilis (ca. 50m), Gadus macrocephalus, Theragra chalcogramma and Lotella maximo-wiczi (ca. 200m), Podonema longipes and Nematonurus pectoralis (ca. 400m), were investigated.
The total lipid (TL) contents in liver were remarkably high as compared with those in viscera or flesh. In liver, NL contents represented more than 98% of the TL. Refractive indices and iodine values of NL in liver showed a tendency to decrease proportionately with the increase in habitat depth. The unsaponifiable content of NL in liver lipids from Podonema longipes was 24.8% (largely fatty alcohols), and those of the other five species ranged from 0.9% to 1.6% (largely sterols).
In fatty acid composition, the polyenoic acid contents showed a tendency to decrease with increasing habitat depth, while the monoenoic acid contents tended to increase. These facts were quite obvious in the liver lipids, suggesting that the epipelagic fishes have large amounts of polyenoic acids, whereas mesopelagic fishes have large amounts of monoenoic acids.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
On the Characteristics of the Component Fatty Acids in the Neutral Lipids of Deep-Sea FishesKenji HAYASHI, Minoru YAMADA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1161-1175
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe examined teleost fishes were six species of Cottida, seven of Percida, one of Anguillida, one of Pleuronectida and one of Notacanthida. These sixteen species were caught from 300-500m depths. The component fatty acids of the neutral lipids in flesh, viscera, liver and gonad of the examined fishes were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The results showed that the component fatty acids in liver consisted of large amounts of monoenoic acids, and small amounts of polyenoic acids. A similar tendency was also recognized in the case of the flesh of five species and the viscera of six species. The ratios of monoenoic acids to polyenoic acids in the component fatty acids of the liver were above 4. It was thought that this indicates a characteristic fatty acid composition in the neutral lipids of deep-sea fishes.View full abstractDownload PDF (515K) -
Shiro SATO1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1177-1183
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution of lipid classes and their fatty acid composition in Codium fragile, Gracilaria vercosa, Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum spp. were examined.
Total lipids constituted from 1.3 to 1.9 per cent of dry blades, and 2.7 per cent in sporophylls of U. pinnatifida. The acetone soluble lipid content exceeded that of acetone insoluble lipid in all seaweeds studied, especially in sporophylls of U. pinnatifida. In the blades of seaweeds other than C. fragile, the free fatty acid fraction exceeded the trigly-ceride fraction, while the reverse was true in blades of C. fragile and sporophylls of U. pinnatifida. Fatty acids, C16:1 (isomer of palmitoleic acid) in Undaria, C16:3 in Codium and C20:4 in Gracilaria seemed to be characteristic for each seaweed. The sporophylls of Undaria showed a distribution of lipid classes and fatty acid composition different from those in the blades of seaweeds studied.
Some unsaturated fatty acids were found to occur in higher proportions in certain seaweeds: [C16 and C18 acids in Codium, C16 acid in Undaria, and C16 and C20< acids in Gracilaria.] In polar lipid fractions, C20< acids occurred in relatively high proportions in all seaweeds tested.View full abstractDownload PDF (326K) -
Akio KANAZAWA, Shin-ichi TESHIMA, Yoshinobu SAKAMOTO1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1185-1189
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe absorption and metabolism of dietary cholesterol-14C at various stages of the molting cycle in the prawn, Penaeus japonicus BATE, were studied.
When the prawn was fed on the diet containing cholesterol-14C, radioactive compounds were absorbed from the digestive tract and widely distributed in all tissues and organs examined. High radioactivity was detected in the hepatopancreas and hypodermis of prawn. The concentrations of radioactive compounds were high in all tissues at stages C1-C2, C3-C4, and D1-D4 of the molting cycle, but low at stages B and D3-D4. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of lipids demonstrated a high free sterol fraction (63-98%) and a low esterified sterol fraction (0-16%) in all stages of the molting cycle. Relatively high radioactivity was also found in the polar steroid fraction at stage B.View full abstractDownload PDF (282K) -
Effect of Surface Active Agent on the Adhesiveness of Fish SausageMichio YOKOYAMA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1191-1195
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe adhesion of meat to PVDC-PVC (vinyliden chloride-vinyl chloride copolymer film) casing in fish sausage was examined with respect to the addition of 8 kinds of surface active agents. Anionic surfactants (Alkyl arylsulfonate, high grade alcohol sulfate, di-alkyl sulfosuccinate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate) increased either the adhesion strength or the amount of adhered meat, while cationic surfactants (alkyl pyridinium chloride, alkyl dimethyl benzil ammonium chloride) had no effect on meat adhesiveness. On the other hand, nonionic surfactants such as sorbitan alkyl ester or polyoxy ethylene alkyl ester were found to have a marked effect in prevent-ing meat adhesion.View full abstractDownload PDF (291K) -
The Effect of Different Starches on Degree of Meat Adhesiveness to the CasingMichio YOKOYAMA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1197-1201
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present investigation was undertaken to measure the degree of meat adhesiveness to casing when different kinds of starch were added to fish meat products (Kamaboko). With increasing temperature, potato starch solutions showed a viscosity higher than that of corn and wheat, when the viscosity of 8% starch solution was measured by brabender amylograph. The meat adhesiveness of Kamaboko to which were added separately three different kinds of starch was compared. Of these starches, potato starch produced the highest meat adhesiveness as well as viscosity of the contents. The strongest degree of meat adhesiveness was obtained when the water content of the Kamaboko was seventy percent.View full abstractDownload PDF (314K) -
Kishio HATAI, Syuzo EGUSA, Motohiro NAKAJIMA, Hirokuni CHIKAHATA1975 Volume 41 Issue 11 Pages 1203
Published: November 25, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (822K)
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