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Volume 42, Issue 3
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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Total System and Hard WearTakeo ISHII1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 251-264
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to furnish quantitative information to the study of the dynamics of exploited fish populations, a new method is proposed where by it is possible to count directly from the echo patterns of large-sized fish individuals such as tunas by the pattern analysis.
Contents are summarized as follows:
1) Total system was designed for the purpose mentioned above.
2) Firstly, some attachment devices (AD-0, AD-I, AD-II, AD-III) were developed and manufactured, to connecting fish detector with computer.
3) The devices were tested in several field experiments. The performances of these devices were generally found to be at a good level.
4) Process data and interrupt process program were completed for the test of hard wears.
5) The system, for collecting the field data, was completed, and from these data it is possible to analyze and count the echo patterns with a digital computer.
6) The digital data, obtained by this system, were very useful to analyze the echo patterns and to develop soft wears for the project.View full abstractDownload PDF (3059K) -
Mathematical Modeling of Schooling Form depending on the Intensity of Mutual Force between IndividualsTadashi INAGAKI, Wataru SAKAMOTO, Toshiro KUROKI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 265-270
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSome mathematical simulations to estimate the change of form of fish school have been carried out by varying the combination of intensity of the forces. The forces that control the schooling behavior were devided into five factors; mutual attractive or repulsive force, mean swimming force, random force, force exerted by the change of circumstances and frictional force of swimming motion. The individuals maintained the schooling form when the intensities of mutual force and random force were balanced.View full abstractDownload PDF (1037K) -
Riichi KUSUDA, Toshio TOYOSHIMA, YOSHITOSHI IWAMURA, Hiroshi SAKO1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 271-275
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDuring the period from late September through early October 1973, an epizootic occurred among mullet populations in a bay in Kochi Prefecture. Dying fish displayed erratic swimming and a more or less whirling motion at the surface. Affected fish had large malodorous abscesses with hemorrhagic borders in the body surface (Plate 1).
The etiological agent was isolated from the kidney of diseased mullets. These organisms were gram-negative, motile peritrichously flagellated rods, not encapsulated, and measuring about 0.8×0.4μ(Plate 2). The bacteria grew slowly on nutrient agar requiring 48 hr of incubation at 25°C to form the typical small (0.5mm in diameter), circular, transparent, slightly raised colonies. They gave negative oxidase reaction, positive catalase reaction, utilized glucose fermentatively and reduced nitrate to nitrite. They did not utilize citrate and malonate as a sole carbon source. No action on d-tartrate and mucate were exhibited. The organisms were the production of hydrogen sulfide in TSI agar and indole in tryptone water, positive to methyl red test, negative to VP reaction, decarboxylation of lysine and ornithine, and utilization of fructose, galactose, mannose and glycerol (Table 1). They were sensitive to streptomysin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, furazolidon and nalidixic acid.
On the basis of the above characteristics, the organism was jdentified as Edwardsiella tarda.View full abstractDownload PDF (880K) -
Abundance Index in Number by Size Category and Fishing GroundYoshiharu MATSUMIYA, Syoiti TANAKA1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 277-286
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1) The dynamics of the saury population which occurs in the Pacific Ocean off northern Japan in autumn was studied by analysing the catch and effort statistics of the saury lift net fishery and length composition data of the catch.
2) Taking into consideration such population conditions as the different patterns of the dynamics among size categories, yearly change of body length, growth within the fishing season, and appearance and disappearance of the offshore fishing ground, the abundance index was calculated in terms of number by size category and fishing ground.
3) It was verified that the abundance index of the large sized fish in number by fishing ground was more steadily and rapidly decreasing than that of other size categories, but the tendency was quite variable by year.
4) Regression of the total coefficient of decrease of the available population on the effective overall fishing intensity was examined, but no positive correlation was found except in the large sized fish. The values of q and M were also estimated from the abundance index in number for every 10-day period, but unrealistic nagative values were often obtained for each size category.
5) Emigration and immigration of the fish shoals were considered to affect seriously the abundance index in number by size category and fishing ground, and the total coefficient of decrease; therefore, a new model on the dynamics incorporating the shift of fishing ground and oceanographic information must be developed in the future analysis.View full abstractDownload PDF (515K) -
Accumulation and Excretion of 106Ru by ClamMasafumi ISHIKAWA, Taku KOYANAGI, Masamichi SAIKI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 287-297
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccumulation and excretion of crude- and prep'd-106Ru by the clam, Meretrix meretrix lusoria, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Accumulation of 106Ru by the clam reached equilibrium approximately 2 weeks after immersion in sea water. The radioactivity ratio of prepared ruthenium-106 complexes was higher than that of the crude ones.
After 100 days of uptake experiment, radioactivity ratio of the edible part with both chemical forms showed less than 5.0. The highest radioactivity ratio was observed in mid gut gland, which was about an order of 40. And approximately 30% of the total radioactivity accumulated in whole soft tissues was concentrated in mid gut gland which occupies only 7% to the whole soft tissues in weight. The concept of the specific surface area should be taken into consideration for the tissues which contact directly with environmental sea water. In both chemical forms of prep'd-106Ru, approximately 25% of accumulated radioactivity was lost from the whole body of the living clam during 40 days of loss experiment. The biological half lives of the short component and the long component were 49 days and 167 days respectively for prep'd-106Ru•Clx, while 39 days and 121 days were for prep'd-106RuNO•Clx. The radioactivity loss from the whole body of the living clam observed in the initial stage was attributable to the physiological activity of the living clam through the metabolic pathway, because the affinity of 106Ru with the surface of the shell or the tissues seemed to be fairly tight.View full abstractDownload PDF (564K) -
Taishi UEDA, Ryoichi NAKAMURA, Yuzuru SUZUKI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 299-306
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo know the role played by marine sediments in influencing the fate of discharged metals, (1) the interaction of metals between sediments and deposit-feeder marine worms (Nereis japonica), and (2) uptake and excretion of metals by worms were examined by laboratory ex-periments using 115mCd. Worms directly in contact with 115mCd-sediments accumulated 115mCd six times more than worms that were not in contact with the 115mCd sediments during the 8 days of experimentation and 12% of 115mCd in sediments were noted to be transfered to worms per unit. Comparing the concentration factor of 22 (from sea water) with accumula-tion from sediments, it was assumed that 115mCd in sediments would give the effect of 1/200 to the accumulation of 115mCd by worms in sea water to the accumulation of 115mCd. Further, to simulate these results close to that occuring in the natural ecosystem, the distribution of 115mCd in sea water, sediments and alga were also examined by means of a curve analysis of 115mCd were 9 for sediments and 21 for alga, which was similar to 22 for worms.View full abstractDownload PDF (462K) -
Minimum Salt Concentration in the Cell-suspension Required to Prevent LysisKatsunobu DAIKU, Yatsuka FUJITA, Yoshio EZURA, Minoru SAKAI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 307-313
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNo clear-cut criteria for the discrimination of marine bacteria obtained from marine isolates have been found as yet. HIDAKA (1964, 1965), HIDAKA and SAKAI (1965, 1968) divided many isolates into the following three types: M-type (marine type, which requires Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ for growth and scarcely grows at 37°C), H-type (halophilic type, which requires only Na+ for growth) and T-type (terrestrial type, which seemingly needs no addition of salt for growth and grows well at 37°C). Subsequently, the present authors subdivided H-type into MH-type (marine halophilic type, which scarcely grows at 37°C) and TH-type (terrestrial halophilic type, which grows well at 37°C), and considered M-and MH-types to be marine bacteria, the M-type especially representing true or specific marine bacteria, and TH-and T-types as terrestrial bacteria. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the theoretical basis of this typing method and the validity of its criteria to discriminate between marine bacteria and non-marine bacteria. The type-specificity of the inorganic salt requirement among the four types was studied by physiological and biochemical investigations.
First, in order to prepare cell-washing and cell-suspending solutions without any excess of salt, the minimum salt solution required to prevent lysis was studied in this paper. Lysis was observed by the decrease of turbidity (O. D. at 610mμ) in cell suspensions and by the leakage of U. V. absorbing materials (O. D. at 260mμ) from cells. The results showed that lysis of M-type was not prevented in any NaCl and KCl solutions, and 21.6%-26.2% ASW (modified Herbst's artificial sea water) was determined as the minimum salt solution to prevent lysis. Lysis of the MH-type was prevented in 2.16%-2.40% NaCl solution, and that of the TH-type was prevented in 0.99%-0.86% NaCl solution, respectively. T-type, however, did not lyze even in distilled water. It was suggested that M-, MH-, TH- and T-types each require a type-specific salt not only for growth but also for lysis prevention.View full abstractDownload PDF (518K) -
Effects of the Inorganic Salts on the Oxidations of Succinic Acid and of Fumaric AcidKatsunobu DAIKU, Yatsuka FUJITA, Yoshio EZURA, Minoru SAKAI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 315-322
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSInorganic salt requirements of M-type (marine type), MH-type (marine halophilic type), TH-type (terrestrial halophilic type) and T-type (terrestrial type) bacteria for succinic acid and fumaric acid oxidations were investigated with the Warburg respirometer. A typical strain of each type required the following salts for the optimum oxidation of succinic acid at 25°C: M-type, NaCl 220mM+KCl 10mM+CaCl2 5mM+MgCl210mM+MgSO4 10mM; MH-type, NaCl 370mM+KCl 10mM+MgCl2 10mM; TH-tpye, NaCl 180mM+KCl 10mM+MgSO4 5mM;T-type, KCl 5mM. It was suggested that M-, MH-, TH-and T-type bacteria each require type-specific salts for the optimum oxidation of succinic acid. Type-specificity was also observed at 37°C. To investigate further the type-specificity of the salt requirement, the succinic acid and fumaric acid oxidations at 25°C and 37°C were examined, using five strains of M-type. The results showed the universal validity of type-specificity in the salt requirement. Type-specificity was markedly stable, when cells were acclimated in the minimum salt medium for six months.View full abstractDownload PDF (517K) -
Effects on G6P Accumulation of Raw Material Treatments and Storage ConditionsKumisuke NAKAMURA, Yutaka FUJII, Senji ISHIKAWA, Toshio SAWADA, Yushir ...1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 323-330
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwenty-four skipjack groups subjected to various combinations of prefreezing treatment, freezing, storage, and thawing conditions were examined for the amounts of glycolytic intermediates, ATP, and NAD formed in frozen and defrozen meat. The prefreezing treatments adopted were: leaving fish on board for 15 min or 3hr, and immersion in iced sea water for 12hr. Some fish were frozen immediately after instant blowing. The freezing methods used were air-blast freezing at about -50°C, and two kinds of brine immersion freezing at -17 ?? -20°C and -7.5 ?? -14°C. Storage was carried out for one month at -40, -20, -17, and -13°C. Thawing was performed by leaving the fish overnight in still water at 5°C, in running water at 14°C, and in air at 13°C.
Results showed that in all the groups stored at -40°C, glycogen in the meat was decomposed to lactic acid, the level of G6P not increasing significantly. In the groups stored at -17°C, the level of G6P in the meat increased to some extent when thawed.
The NAD content in the meat decreased sharply during storage at either -13°C or -20°C with a temperature rise up to -2°C. In these cases, a noticeable accumulation of G6P was observed in the defrozen meat. The G6P content was lower in the skipjack which was left standing for 3 hr on board before freezing and then frozen slowly.View full abstractDownload PDF (470K) -
Absorption Rate of Amino Acids in Amino Acid Test DietOsamu DESHIMARU1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 331-335
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn connection with our previous observations that prawn, Penaeus japonicus, fed on an amino acid test diet showed poor growth, we have determined the absorption rates for 17 amino acids derived from the amino acid test diet for three different regions of the alimentary tract. An indirect method using chromic oxide as an indicator was employed to estimate the absorption rate. The results obtained were compared with those for a casein-albumin test diet.
The absorption rates of total amino acids in test diets compounded from crystalline amino acids or casein-albumin as nitrogen source were 85.0% and 81.1%, respectively. Dietary amino acids were assimilated mainly in the hepatopancreatic region between the proventriculus and fore-intestine of the alimentary tract, while only a few were absorbed in the postintestinal region.
Of the 17 amino acids tested, remarkably high cancentrations of glycine occurred in the contents of alimentary tract resulting in highly negative values for the apparent absorption rate. This suggests that the glycine in the alimentary tract is presumably of metabolic origin.View full abstractDownload PDF (305K) -
Shiro SATO, Yoshiaki MIYATA, Shizuko KUNITOMI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 337-341
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo elucidate the significance of ash-treatment in the processing of “Narutowakame”, a dried product of brown sea-weed Undaria pinnatifida, the alginate and metal contents together with some physical properties of specimens treated with wood-ash were compared with those of untreated specimens. The hardness and tensile strength of the ash-treated specimens were remarkably higher than those of the untreated ones. The water alginates were also richer in the treated specimens.
As a result of the ash-treatment, Ca in the residue increased remarkably while Na, K, and Mg in the water soluble alginate fraction decreased. From these results, it was assumed that the hardness of “Narutowakame” is, for the most part, due to the formation of water insoluble Ca alginates during the ash-treatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (232K) -
Tsutomu YONEDA, Fumio YAMAZAKI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 343-350
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPurification of chum salmon gonadotropin was attempted. The pituitary glands of chum salmon were extracted with 40% ethanol. Ethanol was added to the extract to give a final 85% solution. The resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation and dried with acetone. The crude gonadotropin powder obtained was filtered through a Sephadex G-100 column using 0.1M NH4HCO3, pH 8.3, resulting in the appearance of 3 peaks. Gonadotropic activity as assayed by the spermiation test was recognized only in the second fraction (80%response). This gonadotropic fraction (CSG•G100) was lyophilized and chromatographed on a DEAE-cellulose column with a linear gradient. The active fraction (100% response) was eluted in 0.165M NaCl-0.001M Tris-HCl, pH 7.0. When eluted stepwise with 0.08, 0.16, 0.24M NaCl, the gonadotropin (CSG•DEAE) was eluted at 0.16M. The gonadotropin exhibited a single band on polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis at pH 9.4.View full abstractDownload PDF (987K) -
Chemical and Microbial Changes of Salted Fish during StorageYuzaburo ISHIDA, Tateo FUJII, Hajime KADOTA1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 351-358
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFish muscle homogenates with NaCl (5 or 15%) and those without NaCl were stored at 0° and 10°C. During the storage, the changes in viable counts, trimethylamine (TMA) and total volatile base (TVB) concentrations, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, concen-trations of free amino acids, pH, Eh and water contents were observed. All the changes observed at 0°C were much smaller and slower than at 10°C. The most significant differences between the homogenates with NaCl and those without NaCl were found in respect to the TMA concentration;in the presence of more than 5% NaCl the TMA concentration did not exceed the threshold value of spoilage, whereas in the absence of NaCl it exceeded the threshold value within a short time.View full abstractDownload PDF (387K) -
Properties of the Principal Water-soluble ToxinTakeshi YASUMOTO, Raymond BAGNIS, Jean P.VERNOUX1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 359-365
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSpecimens of surgeonfish Ctenochaetus striatus collected in Tahiti contained a water-soluble toxin in addition to ciguatoxin. The water-soluble toxin was tentatively named maitotoxin (MT) after the Tahitian name for surgeonfish maito. Purification of MT was achievable by the standard purification procedures for polar lipids. The toxin was eluted from a silicic acid column with chloroform-methanol (6:4) and from a cellulose column with chloroform-methanol-methanol-water (5:15:1). Upon gel-filtration through Sephadex G-25, it appeared in the fractions near void volume. Acid hydrolysis of the toxin afforded fatty acids, glucose and galactose, and 15 amino acids. The minimum lethal dose to mice by ip injection was estimated to be 15-20mg/kg. Guppies put in 40 ppm solution of MT died within 150min. These chemical and physiological properties indicated a close similarity of MT to the ichthyotoxin produced by the phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum.View full abstractDownload PDF (393K) -
Taxonomic examination of the bacteriumKoichi OKUTANI1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 367-370
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA marine bacterium strain No. 11-15 which produces antitumor polysaccharides was examined taxonomically.
The bacterium was a GRAM negative, asporogenous rod, 0.5×1-3.5 microns in size, motile with a single polar flagellum and grew well in sea water media. The catalase and oxidase tests were positive. Acid was formed from glucose, but no gas was produced.
The data obtained suggest that the bacterium belongs to the genus Vibrio.View full abstractDownload PDF (208K) -
Masanobu EDANAGA, Hiroshi HORIZOE, Hiroshi IMAMURA1976 Volume 42 Issue 3 Pages 371-383
Published: March 25, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMK-76 (5-tert-butyl-2'-methyl-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) was given orally to Wistar rats in doses of 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000mg/kg for 13 weeks.
Toxic symptoms observed in high-dose groups and caused by the administration of MK-76 were slight anemia, central necrosis in the hepatic lobule and some kidney damage. In addition, pneumonia and proliferation of the interlobular bile duct were observed but these were not effects of MK-76 administration.
No signs of toxicity were observed at doses of 500mg/kg or less.View full abstractDownload PDF (1598K)
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