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Volume 44, Issue 10
Displaying 1-25 of 25 articles from this issue
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Mutsumi NISHIDA, Yoh-ichi TAKAHASHI1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1059-1064
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVariation of 11 enzymes and the muscle protein presumably controlled by 19 loci was analyzed by electrophoresis in 506 individuals of Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, from 9 natural populations. Six loci (32%) were polymorphic in one or more populations. The number of alleles per locus in the average population was 1.13. The average proportion of polymorphic loci and the average heterozygosity were 9.1% and 0.6%, respectively. These estimates of genic variability in Ayu are lower compared to those for other species.
At polymorphic loci, landlocked populations in Lake Biwa were homogeneous in allele frequencies, and amphidromous populations were similarly homogeneous on the whole. But between these two forms of Ayu, there were significant differences in allele frequencies at two loci (Me-l and Pgm).View full abstractDownload PDF (445K) -
Cadmium (1)Teiji KARIYA, Hideo HAGA, Yoshiko HAGA, YUJI KAWASAKI1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1065-1072
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe toxicity of several cadmic solutions to fishes and cadmium content in fish bodies killed with these solutions were investigated in this study.
The 48h TLm values for goldfishes for CdCl2, Cd(CN)2, and Cd-plating solution III were 5 to o ppm Cd and those for Cd-plating solutions I and II were approximately 0.3ppm Cd. Thus, the latter is more toxic than the former (Table 3). These latter solutions had toxicity greater than that indicated by CN concentration in them.
Greater fish mortality and cadmium content in fish bodies were observed for non-feeding group than for feeding group, in CdCl2 solution containing 0.1ppm of Cd which is considered to be at the semi-acute level (Fig. 3 and 4).
Cadmium concentration was higher in kidneys and hepatopancreas among the various organs of fishes killed with Cd; it was higher in hepatopancreas than in kidneys for the feeding group and vice versa for the non-feeding group.
The analysis of whole fish bodies revealed large cadmium content for the fishes killed with CdCI2, Cd(CN)2, and Cd-plating solution III (Tables 1, 4, and 7); for the fishes killed with Cd-plating solutions I and II, high cadmium content was observed only in the case of larger cadmium concentration in those solutions.View full abstractDownload PDF (456K) -
Riichi KUSUDA, Isao KOMATSU1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1073-1078
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPathogenic streptococci have been isolated from both freshwater- and saltwater-fishes in Japan as well as in America. However, comparative studies among these strains have not been reported. Characteristic properties of the strains were compared in this study.
Properties of 12 strains from yellowtails and eels in Japan, and 4 strains from saltwater fishes and white basses in America were well in agreement among themselves. However, differences between Japanese and American strains were observed in important properties; growth at 10°C and 45°C, growth in 0.1% methylene blue milk, growth on 40% bile agar, growth at pH 9.6 and esculin hydrolysis. Japanese strains were similar to Streptococcus faecaiis and Streptococcus faecium, but they were negative in PT test, positive in TTC test and not classified as LANCEFIELD serological group D. Therefore, they were identified as a new species of Streptococcus, which was reported by KUSUDA et al.2) American strains agreed with Streptococcus agalactiae CDC strains used as control in almost all properties examined, and were thus identified as Streptococcus agalactiae.View full abstractDownload PDF (380K) -
Hiroshi KOBAYASHI, Yuichiro YAMAGUCHI1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1079-1086
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs a result of collecting nekton and nektobenthos with trap nets in the waters around Yamato-tai, Zuwaigani (Chionoecetes opilio) which is one of the most important fishery stock in the Japan sea were caught in abundance. And so authors studied the distribution and ecology of Zuwaigani on the basis of the data obtained.
The results obtained are summarized as follows;
1) Nekton and nektobenthos could not be collected successfully with trap nets set in the intermediate layer. But on the ocean floor they could be successfully collect.
2) It can be guessed that the living extent of a Zuwaigani's school is between 200m and 400m. and the density at the center is high, becomes lesser and lesser away from the center.
3) It seems that the distribution centers of the male and female Zuwaigani are different.
4) The carapace width of Zuwaigani (male) was from 50mm to 120mm in extent and their body weight mode was 200g. Female was 53mm to 72mm in extent and their body weight mode was 90g.
5) The crabs (Zuwaigani) which broke off their legs by autotomy were 69 (66.3%) individuals among 104, and the number of legs broken off by autotomy was less than four legs each.
6) The percentage of individuals having black materials (generally known as Susu) attached to them was high.View full abstractDownload PDF (418K) -
Kouichi YOSHIZAKI, Tamotsu TAMURA1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1087-1092
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe presence of numerous cytoplasmic filaments and desmosomes represent a cytoplasmic characteristic of the epidermal cells. There are many microvilli on the free surface of every super-ficial epidermal cell. The dermis is composed of a collagenous fiber bundle and loose connective tissue. The cellular components of the dermis consist of fibroblasts, capillaries, bundles of nerve fibers, and melanophores. The melanophores are approximately 50μm in diameter, and fall into the category of the so-called micromelanophore.View full abstractDownload PDF (1610K) -
Hiromasa YOSHIKAWA, Mikio OGURI1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1093-1097
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present investigation deals with the effects of steroid hormones on the sex differentiation in T. zillii. Steroid hormones used were ethinylestradiol and methyltestosterone. Oral administration of steroid hormones caused no sex reversals.
Ethinylestradiol inhibited the development of spermatogenesis and the differentiation of gonad into testis. On the other hand, methyltestosterone caused an inhibitory effect on the development of oogenesis and a remarkable propagation of somatic elements of gonad. The degree of inhibitory effect was dependent on the dosage level of steroid hormones.
In general, lower dosage level of ethinylestradiol caused an inhibitory effect on spermato-genesis, whereas higher dosage on gonadal differentiation. Contrary to the treatment with ethinyl-estradiol, methyltestosterone caused no effects on gonadal differentiation. It may be assumed that the failure to obtain a sex reversal is due to the higher dosage levels of steroid hormones used in the present investigation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1222K) -
Ooki NAKAYAMA, Masao OHNO, Takaji YASUI1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1099-1103
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEnhancement of algal growth and accompanied organisms after fertilization with night soil digested by facultatively anaerobic process was estimated through indoor and outdoor experiments.
Seawater enriched with various amounts of digested night soil was inoculated with Nitzschia closterium or mixed population of natural phytoplankton and incubated at 20°C under 6, 000 1x illumination for 12 hours per day during 4 weeks. Growth of Nitzschia and natural plankton especially green flagellates were much stimulated by adding 5-20 ml/l and 5 ml/l of night soil, respectively.
A floating box made of PVC filled with 100l of natural seawater enriched with 1 liter of digested night soil was placed on the water surface of Uranouchi-Bay, Pacific coast of Kochi prefecture, Japan, for 4 weeks during January to February, 1978. Water temperature was about 13°C. Population of plankton and soluble trophic elements were surveyed every week. Planktonic diatoms, which dominated in the original seawater, were overcome by such unicellular green algae as Platymonas and Chlamydomonas. Some filamentous and coccoid blue-greens and ciliates also propagated. Content of chlorophyll a increased from 2.5 to 43μg/l, and soluble PO4-P decreased from 10 to 0.5μg/l, after 4 keews.View full abstractDownload PDF (280K) -
Chinkichi OGINO, Fumio TAKASHIMA, Jiing Yum CHIOU1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1105-1108
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRainbow trout weighing 0.9g on the average were fed purified diets containing different amounts of Mg for 6 weeks. The concentration of Mg in the rearing water was 3.1 ppm. Dietary Mg levels were found to affect not only the appetite, growth, and movement of the fish but also the contents of ash, Mg, and Ca of the whole body and of the vertebrae. The occurrence of vertebral curvature was also recognized in the fish which received the Mg-deficient diet. The values for Ca/Mg of the whole body and of the vertebrae changed according to the dietary Mg levels. Histological changes were recognized in the muscle, pyrolic caeca, and gill filaments from the fish fed the Mg-deficient diet. The requirement of rainbow trout for dietary Mg was estimated to be 0.06-0.07% of a dry diet or 12-16mg per 1kg body weight per day under the present experimental conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (434K) -
Takeshi WATANABE, Chikara KITAJIMA, Toshihisa ARAKAWA, Kunihiko FUKUSH ...1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1109-1114
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe relationship between the nutritional quality of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as a living feed in the seed production of fish and its culture media (such as baker's yeast and Chlorella) was investigated from the viewpoint of essential fatty acids (EFA) for fish. The rotifers cultured with yeast were quite low in the content of ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (ω3 HUFA) and high in the content of monoethylenic fatty acids, whereas those cultured with marine Chlorella were found to contain a high amount of 20:5ω3, which is one of the EFA for marine fish. The difference in the concentration of 20:5ω3 was also found to be attributable to the difference of fatty acid compositions between yeast and marine Chlorella. These results may explain why the rotifers cultured with yeast are always inferior to those cultured with marine Chlorella in their nutritional quality as a living feed. On the other hand, the rotifers cultured with freshwater Chlorella were high in the contents of 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3, but low in the content of ω3 HUFA, suggesting that marine Chlorella is much more suitable than fresh-water Chlorella as a culture medium for rotifers when used as a living feed in the seed production of marine fish. Thus, the present study has demonstrated that the content of ω3 HUFA in the rotifers is the principal factor in the dietary value of rotifers as a living feed.View full abstractDownload PDF (444K) -
Takeshi WATANABE, Fumito OOWA, Chikara KITAJIMA, Shiro FUJITA1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1115-1121
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSArtemia eggs and nauplii from different locations were analysed for fatty acids in order to clarify their food value to fish. The results demonstrated that Artemia could be classified into two types by the fatty acid composition; one contained a high amount of 18:3ω3, which is the essential fatty acid (EFA) for freshwater fish, and the other was high in the content of 20:5ω3, which is one of the EFA (together with 22:6ω3) for marine fish. Artemia from San Francisco in 1975 and 1976 and from South America in 1977 were found to be high in the content of 18:3ω3 and quite low in the content of the EFA for marine fish, suggesting a poor food value to marine fish. On the other hand, the concentration of 20:5ω3 was high in Artemia from San Francisco and Canada in 1977, and they were found to be satisfactory as a living feed for red sea bream juveniles. The dietary value of Artemia nauplii was improved by feeding them marine Chlorella and yeast supplemented with cuttlefish liver oil, both containing high amounts of the EFA of marine fish. The starvation of newly hatched Artemia nauplii containing a high amount of 18:3ω3 showed that the lipid and 18:3ω3 contents significantly decreased and the level of 20:5ω3 increased. This may suggest the conversion of 18:3ω3 in Artemia nauplii, to 20:5ω3, to some extent, but not to 22:6ω3. Thus the present study has demonstrated that the class of EFA contained in Artemia is the principal factor in the food value of Artemia to fish.View full abstractDownload PDF (486K) -
Remarkable Differences between Rigor Mortis and Thaw RigorHideaki YAMANAKA, Takeshi NAKAGAWASAI, Takeaki KIKUCHI, Keishi AMANO1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1123-1126
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSGlycolysis seems to be one factor which influences the amounts of ATP in the muscle of carp. Thus the relation between the contraction of the carp muscle and glycolysis was examined.
It was possible to express the extent of contraction as a shearing strength by using a rheometer.
In the muscle of carp stored at 18°C after instant death, the extent of rigor moritis was small, and the amounts of glycogen and ATP gradually decreased, while that of lactate increased slowly. On the other hand, the muscle of carp frozen rapidly after instant death and subsequently thawed and stored at 18°C showed strong thaw rigor. Glycogen and ATP amounts decreased remarkably by the end of thaw rigor, whereas that of lactate increased markedly in thaw rigor.
In the case of thaw rigor, it can be concluded that the contraction energy is mainly due to the large amounts of ATP supplied through the rapid glycolysis.View full abstractDownload PDF (270K) -
Takanori HIGASHIHARA, Akio SATO, Usio SIMIDU1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1127-1134
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn MPN method for the counting of marine hydrocarbon degrading bacteria was developed. The medium in this method contained small amounts of yeast extract in order to support the growth of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria that require other organic nutrients in addition to hydrocarbons.
Surveys of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in sea water and beach sand showed that the incorporation of 0.05% (w/v) yeast extract in the enumeration medium resulted in increases of up to 100 times in the number of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. The growth of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria in the medium could be detected either by an increase in turbidity or a decrease in pH, or by a combination of the two.
During the course of the study, we found that some samples of hydrocarbon fractions, especially some kerosene samples, were toxic to the growth of marine hydrocarbon degrading bacteria.View full abstractDownload PDF (624K) -
Toshiyoshi ARAKI, Manabu KITAMIKADO1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1135-1139
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMannan-degrading bacteria were isolated by the surface inoculation method from various natural habitats. The Mannan employed was prepared from a green seaweed Codium fragile, and the colonies surrounded with a clear zone on mannan-containing agar media were judged to be mannan-degrading bacteria. In total, 117 isolates were obtained from 433 samples collected from sea, freshwater, and land environments. Identification according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology permitted assignment of most isolates to eight genera: Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Vibrio, Aeromonas, Moraxella, and Bacillus.
Simultaneously, an enumeration of mannan-degrading bacteria was carried out by the pour plate method. The population density of the bacteria ranged from 0-1.0×lO3cells/ml in coastal sea water, 0-4.0×105cells/g in sea bottom mud, 0-5.5×105cells/g in seaweed, 0-1.8×105cells/ml in river and pond waters, 1.0×105-8.7×107cells/g in the intestinal contents of marine and freshwater fish, and 3.0×104-7.7×1O5cells/g in land soil.View full abstractDownload PDF (593K) -
Antiseptic Effects of Kusaya BrineTakuo KOSUGE, Masami YOKOTA, Hiroshi OHBA, Hiromasa NAGANO1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1141-1146
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS“Kusaya”, a local dried fish of Izu Island, is produced by steeping fish in Kusaya brine. Kusaya brine contains many kinds of bacteria, some of which are spoilage bacteria. But the brine can be kept for long periods without microbial spoilage.
In order to elucidate the antiseptic effect of Kusaya brine, the bacteria in Kusaya brine were investigated. It had been suggested that there might be some kinds of special bacteria in the brine and these might keep the so-called “balance in micro-flora” constant. The balance was probably kept by the pH value and the salt concentration of Kusaya brine. The Kusaya brine used in this study was 8.5 in pH value and NaCl 6% in salt concentration. In fact, under these conditions the growth of bacteria clinging to fish-meat was inhibited to some extent.
Seven strains of special bacteria were isolated in Kusaya brine. Five of them were rod-strains (Gram-negative) and the others were spiral-strains (Gram-negative). Of the isolated strains, A-2 strain, S-l strain, and S-3 strain played an important role in controlling the pH value in Kusaya brine.
S-3 strain in “Old” Kusaya brine became about one-tenth the size of that in “New” brine.View full abstractDownload PDF (648K) -
Reiji YOSHINAKA, Mamoru SATO, Shizunori IKEDA1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1147-1150
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to confirm that collagen formation in ascorbic acid-deficient rainbow trout was impaired, the in vitro formation of collagen in their skin was studied by using a radioisotopic technique.
When skin slices of rainbow trout were incubated with radioactive proline in modified Ringer solution at 20°C, the radioactivities of collagen proline and hydroxyproline in skin samples increased linearly with time up to 6 h and with increasing amounts of tissue used. This method was observed to yield reproducible results if the incubation was carried out under the defined conditions.
By using this method, the in vitro formation of collagen in the skin was examined for rainbow trout given the ascorbic acid-supplemented and the ascorbic acid-free diet for 18 weeks from the age of 6 weeks. It was observed that not only the hydroxylation of collagen proline but also the formation of collagen protein was impaired in the skin from the ascorbic acid-deficient fish.View full abstractDownload PDF (354K) -
Mamoru SATO, Reiji YOSHINAKA, Yoshikazu YAMAMOTO, Shizunori IKEDA1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1151-1156
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSResearch was undertaken to determine whether the capacity of ascorbic acid synthesis in carp is sufficient for their own requirement of the vitamin. Two groups of carp, which had been fed the ascorbic acid-supplemented and the ascorbic acid-free diet, were examined for various in-dicators of ascorbic acid deficiency as follows: growth, mortality, hemoglobin content, collagen content in the centra, ascorbic acid contents in the hepatopancreas, kidney, serum, serum alkaline phosphatase, and hepatic phosphoglucomutase and L-gulonolactone oxidase activities.
No differences in the above indicators were observed between the two groups of carp (initial body weight, 35g, on the average) fed the experimental diets for 84 weeks. Also, in the case of younger carp (initial body weight, 0.25g, on the average), elimination of ascorbic acid from the diet had no effect on growth, mortality, or ascorbic acid content in the hepatopancreas. Neither were any apparent deficiency symptoms observed in groups of two different ages, which were given the ascorbic acid-free diet.
These findings indicate that ascorbic acid is not essential in the diet of carp under normal conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (419K) -
Syuichi SAKAMOTO, Yasuo YONE1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1157-1160
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCarp, Cyprinus carpio, were fed on the diets with and without supplemental iron over a 105 day period. No significant differences were recognized between the two groups in the following determinations: the growth rate, condition factor, feed efficiency, and the percentages of liver, spleen, and heart weight to body weight; the blood serum levels of total protein, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, BUN, glucose, and Ca and inorganic P; and the activities of enzymes such as GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH, and LAP in the blood serum. However, in the group fed the diet without the iron supplement, the specific gravity, Hb content, and Ht value of blood, the mean corpuscular constants, and the mean corpuscular diameter of minor length were lower, and the percentage of immature erythrocytes was higher than those of the group fed the iron-supplemented diet. These findings show that carp fed the diet without iron supplementation manifest a hypochromic microcytic anemia.View full abstractDownload PDF (234K) -
Osamu DESHIMARU, Yasuo YONE1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1161-1163
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to find a favorable source of dietary carbohydrate for prawn, Penaeus japonicus, the effects of various types, i.e glycogen, starch, dextrin, glucose, and sucrose on the growth and feed efficieocy of the prawn were examined by using a purified diet.
The highest gain in percent was obtained with the group fed on the diet containing sucrose, and a slightly lower percent gain was noticed with the group maintained on the diet with glycogen, whereas the diet including glucose resulted in the lowest gain of prawn. The feed efficiency was highest in the group maintained on the diet containing starch, followed by glycogen, sucrose, and dextrin in decreasing order. The poorest feed efficiency and a notably high mortality were found with the group fed on the diet containing glucose. Also, the diets containing starch and dextrin produced high mortalities. On the other hand, the two groups maintained on the diets with glycogen and sucrose had a low mortality.
From these results, it is concluded that sucrose and glycogen are desirable sources of dietary carbohydrate for the prawn, while glucose is unsuitable.View full abstractDownload PDF (188K) -
Shoji KONOSU, Masahiro MURAKAMI, Tetsuhito HAYASHI, Shinya FUKE1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1165-1166
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSβ-Alanine betaine (β-homobetaine) was is isolated in crystalline form from the white muscles of two species of fish, New Zealand whiptail Macruronus novaezelandidae and southern blue whiting Micromesistius australis, and identified on the basis of comparison of melting point, Rf values in TLC, IR and mass spectra with the synthetic specimen. It was not detected, however, in the muscles of cod, New Zealand hake, flatfish, big-eye tuna, and jack mackerel. These results may indicate that the distribution of β-alanine betaine in fish is limited.View full abstractDownload PDF (177K) -
Shun WADA, Chiaki KOIZUMI, Akihide TAKIGUCHI, Junsaku NONAKA1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1167
Published: October 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
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1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1170a
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
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1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1170b
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
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1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1170c
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
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1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1170d
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
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1978 Volume 44 Issue 10 Pages 1170e
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: April 22, 2008
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