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Volume 44, Issue 4
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
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Tuyosi OOHUSA, Shigeru ARAKI, Takemaro SAKURAI, Munekatsu SAITOH, Masa ...1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 299-303
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPorphyra yezoensis UEDA f. narawaensis MIURA, which had been grown in the cultivation ground under alternate emersion and ever submersion, were examined on diurnal variations in photosynthetic and respiratory rates, cell size, dry/fresh weight ratio and percent contents of photosynthetic pigments, total free amino acids, total nitrogen, total alcohol soluble and insoluble carbohydrates on dry weight basis. Sampling for the diurnal variations was performed 11 times over 35 hours since 10:00 on November 8, 1976. Maximum and minimum rates of photosynthesis were found in the morning and in the evening, respectively. While, significant variations could not be observed in respiratory rates. Contents of photosynthetic pigments and total nitrogen in the thallus were found to be maximum in the early morning and minimum in the evening, on the contrary the contents of alcohol soluble and insouluble carbohydrates varied inversely. Mean cell size of thalli decreased from the end of day until it attained a minimum in the middle or late night, then it began increasing. On the dry/fresh weight ratio of the thallus, maximum ratio was observed in the evening and minimum ratio in the morning. These results were examined with special reference to the effect of emersion also. It was clear, therefore, that the thallus cultivated in the field without emersion appeared similar in diurnal variations to the thallus cultivated in the laboratory under 12 hour light and dark cycles.View full abstractDownload PDF (367K) -
Two New Species of the Genus Tetraonchus (Monogenea: Tetraonchidae) from Cultured Oncorhynchus masouKazuo OGAWA, Syuzo EGUSA1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 305-312
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo new species of the genus Tetraonchus (Monogenea: Tetraonchidae) were found parasitic on the gills of masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou cultured in freshwater in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. The specific names, T. awakurai n. sp. and T. oncorhynchi n. sp. were given to them. T. awakurai identical with T. sp. of AWAKURA (1966), resembles T. sp. 1 of ERGENS (1971) and T. gvosdevi (SPASSKY et ROYTMAN, 1960), but differs from the latter two species in the shape of the cirrus. T. oncorhynchi isdifferent from all other species in the shape of the cirrus.
In adult T. awakurai, the marginal hooks are usually absent, although they exist in eight pairs initially and juvenile T. awakurai has their remnants and/or the full marginal hooks. So it is presumed that they disappear during the course of the development of the parasite.
The present species are characterized by the presence of a single intestine and the absence of the vagina. These primitive morphological characteristics indicate that they occupy a particular systematical position in the monogeneans.View full abstractDownload PDF (602K) -
Hiromasa YOSHIKAWA, Mikio OGURI1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 313-318
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis report deals with the development of gonadal sex differentiation in a cichlid, Tilapia zillii. At the time of hatching, primordial gonad was not yet formed, but primordial germ cells were found to be located between the mesonephric duct and the gut in the posterior trunk region. At the stage of 15 days after hatching, two types of gonads were distinguishable. One contained many germ cells, some of which showed meiotic prophase. The other contained a few germ cells without any in meiotic prophase. During the course of further development, the former differentiated into ovary, the latter into testis, respectively. The so-called testis-ova were detected in the developing testes, which were first detectable at the stage of 40 days. Concomitantly with the proceeding of spermatogenesis, they increased in number and size. The testis-ova showed irregular shape and their cytoplasm was stained deeply with hematoxylin. The largest testis-ovum was 60μm in diameter, which was much smaller than the oocytes in the ovary.View full abstractDownload PDF (1294K) -
Keiji HIROSE, Katsumi WAKABAYASHI1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 319-323
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn antiserum was prepared by immunizing female rabbits with a purified preparation of chinook salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100). Using this antiserum and a highly purified chum salmon gonadotropin (G75) for radioiodination, a radioimmunoassay system was established which can measure 1.25 to 20ng/ml of salmon and trout gonadotropins. It was also suggested that this system can measure gonadotropin of the ayu which is often used as the experimental material in our laboratory, indicating this system could be applied to salmonina fishes. However, loach and frog pituitary extracts and higher vertebrate gonadotropins showed no cross-reaction. We could measure plasma or serum gonadotropin in the chum salmon and the rainbow trout with this system. In the chum salmon, an increased secretion of gonadotropin was observed at the time of ovulation as shown in other salmonids. The gonadotropin levels of ovulated salmon were significantly higher in freshwater than those in seawater. This result was discussed in relation to water metabolism of matured salmon prior to spawning.View full abstractDownload PDF (1055K) -
Yuzuru SUZUKI, Motokazu NAKAHARA, Ryoichi NAKAMURA1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 325-329
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThere are few data available on the radioactive contamination of marine mollusca, especially cephalopoda. Therefore, in this paper, data obtained on the radioactive contamination of cephalopoda were compared with those on pelecypoda and gastropoda. The uptake and elimination experiments were carried out by means of radioisotope tracer methods, and the concentration factors of 137Cs due to radioactive fallout were estimated. The contamination of cephalopoda was also compared with those of other marine organisms in terms of concentration factor. The activity ratios in the organs or tissues of octopus were in the range of 3.5 and 12.8 on the 14th day after the beginning of exposure and those of squid were in the range of 8.8 and 10.9 on the 6th day after the commencement of the experiment. The biological half time was 90 days for octopus from the observation over 75 days, while it was 31 days for clam from the results of 75 days' experiment. The concentration factors of 137Cs due to radioactive fallout were in the range of 3 and 23 for cephalopoda, 7 and 28 for pelecypoda and 24 and 30 for gastropoda, respectively.
It was concluded that no difference in the concentration factors was clearly observable among the classes of mollusca, but the values were substantially similar to those of crustaceans and slightly lower than those of marine fish.View full abstractDownload PDF (355K) -
Yuzo IGETA, Kazuo YOSHIDA, Ryohei AMANO, Mitsuo IWASHITA, Chihiro MIYA ...1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 331-340
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis report describes the mechanics of automatic circulating angling machines for skipjack devised by the authors and a result of angling tests. These devices can economize the angling space, that is the fish caught are gathered at one space so that the process from angling to storage is systematized. The authers would like to report the result of series of the experiments.
1) Two kinds of angling machines were made for experiments, one of which is the vertical circulating machine (S.V.M) and the other is the horizontal circulating machine (S.H.M).
2) Angling tests with both machines were carried out during the period from 1965 to 1975 in the southern area of the Pacific Ocean. There was no difference in angling ability between the two machines and well-trained fishermen under the same catching conditions.
3) The S.H.M proved to be more efficient than the S.V.M in performance other than angling.
4) It is ncessary to improve the S.H.M to prevent unhooking, before it is used practically. Also the bulwark of the vessel should be remodeled to fit the S.H.M.View full abstractDownload PDF (1985K) -
Yasumasa GOH, Tamotsu TAMURA1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 341-344
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe multifiber responses from the olfactory tract induced by the stimulation with amino acids of the olfactory mucosa were recorded in carp. By stimulation with an amino acid, the integration of the tract discharges increased initially, and showed up and down oscillation at the frequency of 10Hz. Both the height of the initial increase and the amplitude of the oscillation are good indicators of the sense of smell, because they increase proportionately with the logarithmic intensity of the stimulation. Using the above indicators, we concluded that the threshold concentration for L-glutamine was about 10-6M, and that the responses to L-glutamine, L-methionine, L-alanine and L-serine were bigger than those to L-proline and taurine when used in the same concentration of 10-3M. L-Lysine, L-arginine and L-glutamic acid elicited rather small oscillatory responses despite the large integrated responses.View full abstractDownload PDF (303K) -
Michizo SUYAMA, Takeshi SUZUKI1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 345-349
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFree and conjugated amino acid compositions of the trichloroacetic acid extract of maturedeggs of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were determined by column chromatography. Among the free amino acids, high levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glutamine were detected, and the sum of the nitrogen in these constituents accounted for nearly 50% of the total free amino acid nitrogen. The conjugated amino acid content in the extract of eggs was obtained from the difference between the analytical values before and after hydrolysis of the extract, and somewhat larger quantities of serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine were determined. The amount of serine-nitrogen accounted for nearly 30% of the total conjugated aminoacid nitrogen. In the chromatogram, the presence of a large unknown peak with a shoulder was observed in front of taurine, and the major constituent (x-component) emerging in the peak seemed to be phosphopeptide, since higher yields of serine and phosphorus were detected along with lower yields of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, etc. in the acid hydrolysate.View full abstractDownload PDF (374K) -
Metabolic Rate of Ammonium Nitrogen in Freshwater RegionsMotohiko SUGIYAMA, Akira KAWAI1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 351-355
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBy the use of the 15N tracer technique, the relationship between the quality of water or the bacterial flora in aquatic environments and the metabolic rate of ammonium nitrogen was studied in a fish culturing pond and in experimental aquaria with and without aeration.
The turnover rate of ammonium nitrogen in the water was estimated to be 2.9%/h in the pond; 4.5%/h and 0.6%/h were the rates in the aerated aquarium and the stationary aquarium, respectively. It became evident that the metabolic rate of nitrogenous compounds is reflected in the water quality. A high rate of ammonia oxidation was observed in the water bodies with high DO levels, while the process of denitrification proceeded more rapidly in the water which contained a large amount of organic matter than in the water which lacked sufficient dissolved oxygen.View full abstractDownload PDF (380K) -
Inbreeding and Overdominance as Evidenced by Biochemical Polymorphism in a Wild PopulationKazuo FUJINO1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 357-361
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith the objectives of genetic improvement of the Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, a series of genetic studies was initiated. Myogen of shell muscle and esterases of digestive diverticula were studied by starch-gel electrophoresis. The results indicated monomorphism in the former and polymorphisms in four loci of the latter. In each of the F and M loci (genetically independent of each other) of the esterases, three codominant alleles that determine six possible phenotypes were postulated.
Phenotypic incidences of samples taken from a wild population from Iwate Prefecture were analyzed on the basis of S. Wright's and Hardy-Weinberg's Laws of Equilibrium. The homozygote excess in esterase F locus suggested an inbreeding structure in the wild population and led to an estimation of the inbreeding coefficient. An overdominance of heterozygotes in esterase M locus and its association with age groups were observed. On the basis of the ratios between the observed incidences of phenotypes and the expected figures, corrected by the inbreeding coefficient, fitness values were calculated for zygotes of M locus.View full abstractDownload PDF (324K) -
Mikio MORI, Shinichi YASUDA, Sachiko NISHIMURO1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 363-367
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo species of teleosts, Hoplostethus gilchristi and Rexea solandri, caught off New Zealand have been found to possess wax esters or diacyl glyceryl ethers in the muscle as a major lipid. The muscle of H. gilchristi contained 7.9% lipids, in which wax esters made up 97%. The component fatty alcohols were mostly saturated or monoenoic and contained 14-24 carbon atoms. The major constituents were cetyl alcohol, eicosenol, and docosenol: each occupied 21-24% of the alcohol total. Oleic acid was dominant among the fatty acids of the wax esters. The muscle of R. solandri contained 18.6% lipids, of which 30% were diacyl glyceryl ethers and 68% were triglycerides. The major glyceryl ether components were selachyl and chimyl alcohols, which constituted 60% and 23% of the glyceryl ethers respectively without polyenoic alcohols. The fatty acid compositions of diacyl glyceryl ethers were similar to those of triglycerides; palmitic and oleic acids were the chief components.View full abstractDownload PDF (398K) -
Koichi OKUTANI, Nobuo MORIKAWA1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 369-372
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe internal shell of squid was extracted with hot 10mM EDTA after being washed with acetone. The crude extract was dialyzed against water and freeze-dried.
The distribution of molecular weight was determined by column chromatographies on Sephadex G-75 and Sepharose 6B, 4B. and 2B. The data suggested that the crude extract was composed of polysaccharides of widely varying molecular weights and that the molecular weight of a major component was approximately 106.
After the crude extracts were acid-hydrolyzed and methanolyzed, the constituent monosaccharides were analyzed with gas chromatography. The results were as follows: L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, D-xylose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-glucosamine, and D-galactosamine.
Uronic acid was also detected by chemical analysis but sialic acid was undetectable.View full abstractDownload PDF (283K) -
Tadashi YANAGISAWA, Kanehisa HASHIMOTO, Fumio MATSUURA1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 373-378
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo albumin components (S2 and S3E2) exhibiting methemalbumin(MHA)-forming ability were highly purified by a method essentially consisting of ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex gel filtration, and starch grain electrophoresis. The MHA-forming ability of both components, especially of S3E2, was significantly stronger than that of human albumin. The hematin-binding ability of component S2 was clearly superior to that of S3E2. When methemoglobin (metHb) was added to various concentrations to the equimolar mixtures of both components, S3E2 formed preferentially MHA until the equimolar level was reached, and beyond this level component S2 also began to form MHA. The order of manifestation of their hematin-binding ability was the opposite: Component S2 preferentially bound hematin, while S3E2 also bound hematin only when hematin was present in a great excess.View full abstractDownload PDF (436K) -
Michiko KONO, Chiaki SHIMIZU, Takashi MATSUI, Fumio MATSUURA1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 379-384
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAttempts were made to isolate NAD pyrophosphorylase from the nuclear fraction of skipjack muscle. After extraction with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.15 M NaCl, the enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and several types of column chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose, Sepharose-4B, and hydroxylapatite. The enzyme thus obtained showed a specific activity about 600 times as high as that of the homogenate. The molecular weight was estimated to be about 200, 000 by Sepharose-4B gel filtration. The isoelectric point was found to be 4.2 by isoelectric focusing. The optimum pH of this enzyme was very wide, ranging from 7 to 10. The activity was strongly inhibited by NBS and NQS and also by several metal ions, such as Zn2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+. The presence of bivalent ions was quite essential for the enzyme to exhibit any activity; Mg2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ were particularly effective. The apparent Km values for NMN, ATP, NAD, and pyrophosphate were 0.08, 0.09, 0.25, and 0.22x 10-3 M, respectively.View full abstractDownload PDF (291K) -
Kayoko KASAHARA, Kokichi NISHIBORI1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 385-387
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVolatile components of “kusaya” were studied by GLC and GC-MS analyses. Eight acids (acetic, propionic, isobutyric, n-butyric, isovaleric, n-valeric, isocaproic, and n-caproic acid), three bases (TMA, DMA or MMA, and ammonia) and six carbonyls (acetaldehyde, propion-aldehyde, acetone, n-butyraldehyde, methylethylketone, and caproaldehyde) were identified. The aroma of “kusaya” seems to be due to the volatile acids identified, especially to n-butyric acid.View full abstractDownload PDF (155K) -
Identification of Non-carbonyl NeutralsKokichi NISHIBORI, Kayoko KASAHARA1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 389-391
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNon-carbonyl neutral volatiles in the “katsuobushi”-aroma were studied. The volatiles of “katsuobushi” were prepared by steam distillation followed by ether extraction. The resulting aroma concentrate was fractionated by the usual solvation method. The non-carbonyl neutral volatiles were isolated and, purified by gas chromatography, and were identified by MS and IR analyses. Five kinds of non-carbonyl neutral components (furfurylalcohol, 1, 2-dimethoxybenzene, 4-methy1-1, 2-dimethoxybenzene, 1, 2, 3-trimethoxybenzene, and dibenzofuran) and one phenolic component (2, 3, 5-trimethylphenol) were identified and a non-carbonyl neutral com-ponent (4-ethy1-1, 2-dimethoxybenzene) was tentatively identified. 1, 2, 3-Trimethoxybenzene, 2, 3, 5-trimethylphenol, and dibenzofuran have not previously been reported to be factors in the “katsuobushi” flavor.View full abstractDownload PDF (176K) -
Akihiro TAKAMI, Hideo IWASAKI1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 393
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (68K) -
Yasukatsu OSHIMA, Yuzuru SHIMIZU, Sachio NISHIO, Tomotoshi OKAICHI1978 Volume 44 Issue 4 Pages 395
Published: April 25, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: February 29, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (83K)
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