日本水産学会誌
Online ISSN : 1349-998X
Print ISSN : 0021-5392
ISSN-L : 0021-5392
48 巻, 5 号
選択された号の論文の23件中1~23を表示しています
  • 青海 忠久
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 599-603
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The toxicity of organophosphorous insecticides on each developmental stage of marine fishes whichis little known, needs to be examined. This study was made to clarify the acute toxicity of MEP and diazinon, most typical organophosphorous insecticides used in Japan, on each developmental stage of eggs, larvae, and juveniles of Oplegnathus fasciatus which is one of the most important cultured fish in Japan. Developmental stages were divided into the following 11 stages which were checked only at the beginning of each experiment. Stage A (egg stage), stage B-C (prelarval stage), stage D-F (postlarval stage), and stage G-K (juvenile stage). Twentyfour hours TLm of MEP were as follows, 2.4-4.2ppm on stage A-C, 0.145ppm on stage D, and 1.25-2.30ppm on stage E-K. However those of diazinon were 3.2-6.7ppm on stage A-C, and settled down remarkably to 0.0175-0.03 ppm on stage D-K. The abnormality of body form and color and reaction was observed often in lower concentration than twentyfour hours TLm. Especially very poor growth was obvious on the fish which were exposed to MEP and diazinon for 44 hours from stage A. For example. total length of larvae in 3.2ppm of MEP was about 1/2, and of diazinon was about 4/5 normal one. These specific effects of insecticides on various develop-mental stages are considered to vary with their organogenesis and the change of drug metabolism in relation to their development. So it is necessary to purse further studies on these phenomena.
  • 川崎 健
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 605-609
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Three heterosomes, stone flounder, plaice and dab are distributed over an almost common area on the continental shelfin Sendai Bay and feed on the common food, infauna organisms. Although the stock levels of the former two species have declined under the recent heavy fishing, conversely that of the latter has increased to a high level. These phenomena seem to result from the fact that while both stone flounder and plaice spawn in late autumn-winter, being long-lived, large-sized and low in intrinsic rate of natural increase rm, and reveal a stable pattern of population change, dab spawns in late winter-sping, being short-lived, small-sized and high in rm, and shows a variable pattern of fluctuation in recruitment.
  • 三谷 勇
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 611-615
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    From late January to early February, 1978, the sardine Sardinops melanosticta infected with the parasitic copepoda Nerocila phaeopleura BLEEKER came over in large numbers off Kaneda Bay, Kanagawa prefecture. Such a phenomenon has never occurred until now. The results obtained by this investigation are summarized as follows.
    (1) The sardine infeccted by the parasite occupied, on an average, about 78% of the whole population and was the fish at I-age about 15cm body length which turn southward in Tokyo Bay from autumn to winter.
    (2) The condition factor of uninfected fish was 13.4 (W/L3×102), but, the value of infected fish decreased gradually in proportion ot the increase of the derimental effects caused by the parasite.
  • 原田 勝彦, 川崎 治
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 617-621
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    It has been clarified that the attractive effect of seaweeds on young herbivorous abalone could be presented as the coefficient a of a logistic curve, y=g/{1+exp[-r(j-a)]} in the time-couse of abalone that remained in the test compartment. The attractive effect of three phyla of seaweeds was examined on the basis of behavioral responses of abalone. Among six specimens tested in the green algae, Chaetomorpha spirallis- “Hosojuzumo” in Japanese, Ulva Pertusa- Anaaosa and Caulerpa okamurai- “Fusaiwazuta” were found to be effective in attracting abalone. Among twelve specimens in hte brown algae, strong attractants were Sargassum hemiphyllurm- “Isomoku”, Pachydictyon coriaceum- “Sanadagusa”, Ishige okanurai- “Ishige” and Padina arborescens- “Umiuchiwa”. Amongst fourteen specimens in the red algae, only two species, Gelidium amansii- “Makussa” and Gelidium divaricatum- Himetengusa provoked exploratory and feeding behavior.
  • 尾城 隆, 日比谷 京
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 623-628
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    An attempt was made to detect the ovulation-inducing enzymes, which digest the envelopes of ovarian follicles, using loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus as material. Ovarian follicles both just before ovulation (taken from HCG-injected females) and far from it (taken from saline-injected females) were placed in contact with the same gelatin-silver film and incubated in moist chamber for five hours at 37°C simultaneously. Only the former was able to digest gelatin completely in the area of contact, showing that active secretion of protease(s) had occurred just before ovulation. Considering that most proteases have some ability of rupturing follicles, these protease(s) detected in this experiment might act as ovulation-inducing enzymes. On the other hand, ovarian fluid in which various-sized follicles were immersed seemed to have no proteolytic activity.
  • 丹羽 栄二, 佐藤 万人, 浜田 厳
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 629-631
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    A mixture of finely chopped Alaska pollack frozen mince (100g) and 8M urea (300ml) was heated until it dissolved. The solution was dialyzed against 10l of water, first at 4°C overnight and next at 60°C for several hours. The dialyzate (urea-treated mince, water content 95-97%) was a grayish, semi-transparent liquid at room temperature, but set to a brittle gel on cooling. The molten, urea-treated mince was poured into a glass tube and frozen into a suitable shape at -20°C. By immersing the shaped frozen mince in CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2 or MgSO4 (0.1-1.0M), or in CH3COOH-NaOH or HCl-NH4OH (pH 4-5), an elastic, whitish gel (water content 80-97%) was obtained. If the molten, urea-treated mince was injected into these solutions with a syringe, a noodle-like, long and slender gel was formed. If the mince was poured into a hot salt solution and the resulting suspension was wrung with a thick cloth, the residue coagulated on cooling in the wrung from. The gels formed by the reaction with salt or buffer did not melt on heating.
    The elasticity of the flesh gel, Kamaboko, from Alaska pollack frozen mince was not improved by the addition of the urea-treated mince.
  • 坂上 良男, 田中 一裕, 渡辺 公博, 小田 切理樹, 森 清, 室岡 治義
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 633-637
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    To determine the presence of biodegrading bacteria for the phthalate esters as contamingating materials in the sea, sea water and sea mud samples were collected from five harbors. Bacteria and streptomyces were isolated from these samples. The biodegrading ability of isolated microorganisms for phthalate esters was tested by thin layer chromatography. A strain of Pseudomonas isolated from the sample of Kawasaki harbor and three strains of Bacillus from the samples of Tagonoura harbor were shown to decompose phthalate esters. Diheptyl phthalate was used as substrate for the gas liquid chromatography which gave a quantitative analysis of the biodegrading ability. The effects of various solvents for the phthalate ester and of the concentration of substrate on the biodegradability were examined.
  • 坂上 良男, 田中 一裕, 渡辺 公博, 室岡 治義
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 639-642
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Four strains of phthalate ester degrading bacteria were isolated from coastal environments; one strain from the sea mud in the Kawasaki harbor belonged to genus Pseudomonas and three other strains from the sea mud in the Tagonoura harbor belonged to genus Bacillus. These bacteria were subjected to taxonomical analysis. The bacterial strain in genus Pseudomonas was identified as Pseudomonas cepacia based upon the morphology, biochemical properities, G.C. content in the DNA, and determination of the fatty acid composition. The three strains of bacteria in genus Bacillus were identified as Bacillus subtillis based on the morphology and physiological properties.
  • 荒木 繁, 小川 廣男, 大房 剛, 斎藤 実, 上野 順士, 鹿山 光
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 643-646
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The influence of water activity in (aw 0-0.6) on the degradation of the total ascorbic acid (the reduced form + the oxidized form) in dried laver “Nori” Porphyra yezoensis was examined at 15-18°C for a period of six months. The BET monolayer value moisture content of dried laver was 6.9% (equivalent to aw 0.17) and CAURIE'S safe storage moisture level was 7.3% (aw 0.20).
    The ascorbic acid content decreased with increasing water activity. At aw 0, 85% of ascorbic acid remained after six months of storage. The half life (θ1/2) of ascorbic acid was shorter at the higher aw1/2 aw 0.1 was 41 days, but at 0.2 or above, θ1/2 became shorter than one month.
    A water condition for the safe storage of ascorbic acid was evaluated from the reducing rate of ascorbic acid in dried laver on each aw; it was determined ot be 4.14% (aw 0.053). This value was lower than the BET monolayer value, which agreed with the experimental data that ascorbic acid destruction proceeded at and below the BET monolayer value.
    The destruction of ascorbic acid was depressed by free-oxygen absorbers even though the water content (5.1%) was higher than control's (3.5%).
  • 荒木 繁, 小川 廣男, 大房 剛, 上野 順士, 斎藤 実, 今吉 純司, 鹿山 光
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 647-651
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Degradation of four pigments; phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, chlorophyll a, and carotenoids, was studied as a function of water activity (in the range of 0 to 0.6) during storage of dried laver “Nori” Porphyra yezoensis for six months at 15-18°C.
    The extract of chlorophyll a and its decomposed compounds were fractionated into three components;chilorophyll a, phaeophytin a, and phaeophordide a-like substances by means of ion exchange column chromatography. The last one contained a substance which appeared similar to phaeophytin a in its absorption spectra, but was probably absent in phytyl residue.
    Chlorophyll a was very stable in the aw range of 0 to 0.2, but it began ot degrade at aw higher than 0.3. The rate increased with increasing of aw. The degradation of chlorophyll a was accompanied by the formation of phaeophytin a and phaeophorbide a- like substances. The amount of phaeophorbide a-like substances produced was 2 to 3 times as much as that of phaeophytin a. It seemed that carotenoids might be destroyed at extremely dry conditions, such as aw 0, and most of them were also destroyed at aw higher than 0.3. Phycoerythrin and phycocyanin were the most stable pigments, since only 10% were destroyed even at aw 0.6.
    These results suggest that the color of “Nori” can be preserved most safely at aw 0.1, which corresponds to the BET monolayer coverage.
  • 松野 隆男, 大久保 雅啓
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 653-659
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The authors have demonstrated that fritschiellaxanthin (free, esters) (43%) can be isolated from Sesarma haematocheir as a major constituent along with astaxanthin (free, esters) (30%), lutein (free, esters) (20%), zeaxanthin (free, esters) (4%), β-carotene (1%), and papilioerythrinone (free) (1%).
    This is the first discovery of the occurrence of fritschiellaxanthin in its free form (C40H54O3, m. p. 178-180°C).
  • 松野 隆男, 若狭 義子, 大久保 雅啓
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 661-666
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The carotenoids in the carapace, ovary, and hepatopancreas of a river crab Potamon dehaani were investigated. The principal carotenoids were lutein (22.2, 49.7%) and astaxanthin (63.6, 27.7%) in the carapace and ovary respecitvely, while in the hepatopancreas they were β-carotene (35.2%) and lutein (21.7%). In addition, there were small amounts of 3'-epilutein (-, - 2.2%), zeaxanthin (-, -, 7.6%), papilioerythrinone (1.0, 1.2, -%), α-doradexanthin (1.9, -, trace%), fritschiellaxanthin (5.0, 2.3, trace%), flavoxanthin (-, -, 9.3%), neoxanthin (-, -, 6.5%), and unidentified carotenoids(2.4, 1.7, 7.9%).
    In the lutein fraction consisting of lutein and 3'-epilutein, lutein was predominant, while 3'-epilutein was absent or present only in trace.
    It is interesting from the biosynthetic point of view that the fritschiellaxanthin which biosynthetically originated from the lutein coexisted in this crustacean with α-doradexanthin which originated from 3'-epilutein.
    We propose a biosynthetic pathway from lutein to papilioerythrinone via fritschiellaxanthin in Potamon dehaani as well as in Sesarma heamatocheir.
  • 丹羽 栄二, 松原 勇爾, 浜田 巌
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 667-670
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Hydrogen and other polar bondings are known to become stronger at lower temperature. Here the physical properties of muscle protins were determined during heating at 80°C for 20min (fish flesh gel) and at 40°C for 60min (setting gel). On heating the actomyosin sols at 40°C and 80°C, their electrostatic capacities, determined with an AC bridge (1K Hz), increased. This increase was larger at 80°C than at 40°C. The electrostatic capacities decreased on cooling and increased again on reheating. The capacities deccreased on the addition of wheat starch (5% of the sol). The shear modulus of the resulting gels increased on cooling. On heating the actomyosin solution at 40°C, its viscosity increased after an initial rapid decrease. On cooling the solution in the course of heating, its viscosity increased further, this increment was cancelled on reheating.
    Based on the above results, the relationship between hydrophobic amino acid residues and the hydrophilic ones during the formation of the fish flesh gel and the setting was discussed.
  • 橋本 昭彦, 小林 章良, 新井 健一
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 671-684
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Thermostabilities of 40 species of fish myofibrls were systematically studied by using ARRHENIUS plots of first order rate constants (κD) for inactivation of myofirillar Ca-ATPase. The comparison of the linear ARRHENIUS plots suggested that there is a relationship between the thermostability of fish myofibrils and the environmental temperature at which the species lives.
    The enthalpy of activation (ΔH), the entropy of activation (ΔS), and the free energy of activation (ΔG) for the reaction at 25°C were estimated from the corresponding ARRHENIUS plots as 80-100 kcal/mol, 170-240 e.u., and 25-27 kcal/mol for warm water fishes and 50-70 kcal/mol, 100-160 e.u., and 23-25 kcal/mol for cold water fishes. All of these parameters for the inactivation increased from cold water to warm water habitates, though the proprtions of ΔH as well as ΔS varied considerably among species and ΔG values varied somewhat. In addition, a positive correlation betwwen ΔG, ΔH or ΔS and the environmental temperature was demonstrated for the fish species studied.
    These results, suggest that the differences in thermostability of fish myofibrillar Ca-ATPase were caused by physiological adaptation of this enzyme to the environment at the molecular level.
  • 山中 英明, 塩見 一雄, 菊池 武昭, 奥積 昌世
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 685-689
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Abnormal meat with a pungent taste was detected in yellowfin tuna and white and black marlins, and food poisoning occurred by ingestion of these meats. In this study the pungent compound was identified and the cause of its production was investigated.
    In the abnormal meat, pH values were higher than 6.50 and histamine content was 308 to 543mg/100g. which is much higher than the amount which can cause food poisoning. The taste of the abnormal meat was just the same as that of histamine, which is known to be pungent. So the pungent compound in the abonormal meat was concluded to be none other than histamine.
    The values of volatile basic nitrogen and the viable counts of bacteria were low in the abnormal meat. Therefore, the abnormal meat was judged to be as fresh as the normal one. The viable counts of psychrophilic and mesophilic histamine-forming bacteria were also too low to produce a large amount of histamine. The activity of histidine decarboxylase was found to be higher in the abnormal meat than in the normal one. It is concluded that not histamine-forming bacteria but the high activity of histidine decarboxylase in the abnormal meat was responsible for the accumulation of histamine.
  • 笠原 賀代子, 西堀 幸吉
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 691-695
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Volatile components of smoked sardine were studied by GLC and GC-MS analyses. Eleven volatiles (eight carbonyls and three alcohols) from head space volatiles of smoked sardine, ten volatiles (seven carbonyls and three alcohols) from dried sardine, propionaldehyde from raw sardine, and seven volaties (three carbonyls, two alcohols and two furans) from wood smoke were identified. Most of the head space volatiles identified from the smoked sardine were considered to be produced from the meat by heat during the smoking process.
    Fewer carbonyls were produced during the smoking process than in thd dried process; the carbonyl composition of smoked sardines differed from that of dried sardines.
    Elevn acids from smoked sardine, seven acids from dried sardine, six acids from raw sardine, and seven acids from wood smoke were identifed. The acetic acid was the dominant acid fraction of smoked sardine; most of it was derived from wood smoke. It seemed to mask the undesirable odors of cooked sardine.
    The overall flavors of smoked and dried sardines after storage of fifteen days at room temperature were investigated by GLC and GC-MS analyses.
    The gas chromatographic pattern of smoked sardine hardly changed after the storage, but that of dried sardine changed markedly: each peak intensity increased very much.
  • 林 征一, 伊勢 国弘, 板倉 隆夫, 大城 善太郎
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 697-701
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Optimal pH for reductive amination and glutamate oxidation were 8.0 and 8.5, respectively. The enzyme dept in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) at 8°C for 4 days had 80% of the initial activity, whereas that in 0.1M Tris-CI (pH 8.0) had negligible activity.
    Km values for NAD+ and glutamate were 0.45 and 3.7mM, respectively.
    Leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine activated the enzyme in the direction of glutamate formation. Malate and succinate inhibited the enzyme. Effects of nucleotides and divalent ions on the enzyme activity were also examined and the role of the enzyme for gluconeogenesis in the eel liver was discussed.
  • 村井 武四, 秋山 敏男, 尾形 博, 平沢 康弘, 能勢 健嗣
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 703-710
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Levels of free amino acids were examined in plasma of carp at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after being fed casein-gelatin (control), gelatin (diet 2), and gelatin diet with essential amino acids uncoated (diet 3) or coated with casein (diet 4). Also, the balance of essential amino acid in plasma (BEAAp) was calculated in a manner similar to that for the determination of EAA index, using those of the control group as references. Almost all EAA in fish fed diets 3 and 4 reached maximal levels and dropped to fasting lvevls faster than in fish fed the control diet. In fish fed diet 4, levels of tryptophan were higher, but those of leucine were lower throughout the 1-8 hour period, than in fish fed diet 3; levels of all EAA (except lysine and arginine) from fish fed diet 2 remained low, with vague peaks at 4 hours. Values for BEAAp in all treatments droppid to the lowest values at 6 hours after feeding. Those for diets2, 3, and 4 were 32.3, 57.9, and 86.7% respectively and those from diet 4 were always higher than those from diet 3. Highly significant correlations between the BEAAp value at 6 hours and the average weight gain, feed effciency, or protein efficiency ratio were confirmed. These results indicated that coating amino acids with casein improved plasma amino acid balance, probably by altering the absorption and retention times of tryptophan and leucine.
  • 武田 博, 清水 千秋
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 711-715
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    As part of the studies of metallothionein in fish, the contents of metallothionein-like proteins were investigated in various fish tissues. The metal contents were high in liver, kidney, and intestine, and low in ordinary muscle. The supernatants obtained from the tissue homogenate were gelfiltrated on Sephadex G-75 column. In the liver, kidney, and intestine, copper, zinc, and cadmium were eluted in three fractins; most of the copper and cadmium appeared in the second fraction. The metal contents of protein in the second fraction were particularly high in comparison with those of other fractons. The molecular wieght of this fraction was estimated to be approximately 10, 000. In skipjack, a large proportion of copper and cadmium was distributed in the supernatant fraction containing microsomes.
  • 武田 博, 清水 千秋
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 717-723
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two forms of liver metallolthioneins were isolated and purified skipjack, using saltingout on ammonium sulfate, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-75 column, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 ionexchange chromatography, and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-50 column. The homogeneous state as judged by polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis was achieved. The molecuar weight of the two metallothioneins, D2 and D3, was estimated to be about 11, 200, this was determined by gel-chromatogrphy on Sephadex G-50 column. The metallothioneins D2 and D3 are composed of 103 and 104 amino acid residues, respectively, and their amino acid compositions are quite similar. Their distinctive features include an extremely high content of cysteine, which is about 30% of all amino acid residues, and the absence of aromatic amino acid histidine, and arginine. The total metal contents of cadmium, copper and zinc in D2 and D3 are 9 and 10 atoms per molecule respectively.
  • 二村 義八朗, 佐藤 英雄
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 725
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 丹羽 栄二, 松原 勇爾, 中山 照雄, 浜田 巌
    1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 727
    発行日: 1982/05/25
    公開日: 2008/02/29
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 1982 年 48 巻 5 号 p. 748
    発行日: 1982年
    公開日: 2008/04/22
    ジャーナル フリー
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