The following procedures have been developed for the determination of butyric and valeric acid vapors in the air. The fatty acid vapors are collected on NaOH impregnated filters and then extracted from the filters into n-hexane or benzene acidified with HCl. The extract solution is then injected into a gas chromatograph and the amounts of fatty acids are determined from their gas chromatogram peaks. Above method enables us to determine n-butyric acid of 2 ppb and iso-valeric acid of 0.9 ppb with 5 minutes of air sampling. The other experiments found that the oxalic acid impregnated filter provides favorable efficiency for the collection and subsequent extraction of methylamine and ammonia.

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Suspended particulates were collected by high volume air sampler at 5 to 7 sites in Osaka City during 1966 to 1973. The concentrations of suspended particulates, sulfates, nitrates, metals and benzo (a) pyrene were measured. Size distribution of particulates collected by Andersen high volume sampler was also determined. Concentrations have been reduced after the year 1969, when they were maximum.
Pollution level has become similar in every area of Osaka except western seaside industrial area. As it can be seen in the result of statistical analysis, this variation was considered to be produced by the cause that high concentration and regional pollution was decreased by emission source control for large factories and, on the contrary, pollution sources were scattered from city-center to outskirts by mobile traffic.
Epidemiological analysis made it clear that the level of compound pollution by sulfates and suspended particulates indicated a certain effect on human health throughout Osaka City.
Factor analysis method was applied to air pollution mainly due to suspened particulates in Osaka. As a result, three common factors were obtained from 18 to 20 variable data. They were as follows; the first was the factory, the second was automobile and the third was the component of pollutants. Further, factor scores were obtained at each sampling site. Consequently, hypothesis of these factors was found to be well agreed with actual pollution in sampling areas.
In addition to the indices that have already known, following things can be presented as parameters that could be obtained from factor analysis of this time; the amounts of pollutants emitted from small and median factories, and exhausted by automobiles as that of emission source, sulfates and vanasium in suspended particles as that of the concentration of environmental quality and absent rate of school children from respiratory diseases as that of effect on human body.

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Methane concentration was measured every day from July to September 1974, at height of 4.5 m of the Nagano Research Institute for Health and Pollution (point 1), and near the surface of paddy field and at a neighborhood of the paddy field (point 2, at height of 4.6 m) during September 6-7 and September 30-October 1, 1974. The atmospheric concentration of methane was 1.66 ppm on an average during three months at the point 1. Mainly, the methane concentration increased from midnight to dawn and decreased in the daytime (Fig. 1). In the daytime, methane concentrations were ranged from 1.4 to 1.7 ppm, and centered at 1.6 ppm. But in the night, the concentrations were ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 ppm, and widely scattered as shown in Fig. 2. Methane was found to be emitted from the paddy field during September 6-7 when the field was covered with water, but not emitted during September 30-October 1 when it was not covered with water (Fig. 3). The daily average methane concentration was correlated with mean wind speed (Fig. 4). The range of diurnal change in the methane concentration logarithmic standard deviation of hourly values was also correlated with mean wind speed (Fig. 5).

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A mathematical model for estimating the properties of frequency distribution of air quality data was developed.
If the frequency of the pollutant concentration sampled by any averaging time s is assumed to follow a log-normal distribution, it is possible to caluculate any percentile value by means of two factors, e. g. the arithmetic mean C and the geometric mean C_gs.
Furthermore, if the form of C_gs could be determined as a function of s, it will be possible to predict all values of the so-called arrowhead chart for that pollutant concentrations.
The authors conducted the case study for the sulfur oxides concentrations observed in Sapporo and Muroran, and found that C_gs approximately follows a general law of the type,
C_gs=C-(C-C_g)(lnT/s/lnT)²
where T is the sampling time and is one year (8760 hours) in this case, C_g is the geometric mean calculated by one hour averaging time which has the linear relation with C as reported in the preceding paper.
The authors also confirmed the compatibility of the above model by the published nationwide data in Japan.
The model developed here is approximately identified with Larsen's Eq.
C_{s, max}=Ks^-b, and Saltzman's Eq.σ_gs=As^-B, which show the decreases of maximum concentration C_{s, max} and standard geometric deviation σ_gs respectively as an inverse power law of averaging time s.

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The atmospheric hydrocarbons are not only precursors of the atmospheric photochemical reaction system, but also cause toxic effect if there are present with high level. Since the analysis of individual hydrocarbon is time consuming, such data are not abundant. We carried out 24 hours suvey in order to elucidate the atmospheric levels and variation of individual light hydrocarbons. We selected reclaimed ground (site A) adjacent to the west of the Sakai seaside petrochemical plants, one of the principal sources of hydrocarbons in Osaka, and residential area, Shinkanaoka (site B), 6 km to the east of the plants as the sampling points of hydrocarbon.
By means of gas chromatography, 11 hydrocarbons were investigated here; ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, n-butane, i-butane, 1-butene, i-butene, n-pentane, and i-pentane.
The following results were obtained:
1) Most hydrocarbons concentration varied remarkably in a day and there were no typical diurnal pattern for hydrocarbons.
2) Hydrocarbon concentration was usually several ppb.
3) The maximum concentration of hydrocarbons was higher at site A than at B except ethylene and acetylene. On the contrary, geometric mean concentration was higher at site B than at site A except n-butane.
4) Unusual high concentration of several hydrocarbons appeared occasionally in the leeward of the Sakai seaside industrial area.
Furthermore, the data were treated statistically and then it might be thought that several kinds of hydrocarbon, especially propane and propylene, were occasionally discharged in great quantities from Sakai seaside petrochemical plants, and that the high level of the discharged gas was still observed at the site B, 6 km to the east of the plants.

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The fluorescent X-ray spectrometry using standard materials prepared by vacuume evaporation has been applied to determination of iron, lead, manganese, vanadium, titanium, chromium and nickel in airborne dust samples collected on the glass fiber filter by the high volume air sampler.
The preparation technique of the proposed standard materials obtained by the vacuume evaporation on the glass fiber filter were very simple and rapid.
And calibration curves obtained by this standards were linear.
The determination results to the airborne dust by this method were compared with the values obtained by the atomic absorption spectrophtometry and calorimetry showing good agreement for all analyzed metals.
The fluorescent X-ray spectrometry using these standard materials is accurate, simple and rapid, therefore authors recomended this method for the determination of metals in airborne dust on the glass fiber filter for air pollution survey.

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