We have studied on microanalytical methods for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental air. Three analytical methods are reviewed in this paper.
The first method consists of the following 4 procedures ; collection of air-born particulates by high volume air sampler, selective extraction of PAHs by vacuum sublimation, separation of the extract into each component by two-dimensional dual band thin-layer chromatography, and identification and determination of the separated compound by spectrofluorometry. This method is useful to microanalysis of many PAHs in air-born particulates. It was found by this method that air-born particulates contained 80 or more PAHs. At present, 31 PAHs including 12 carcinogens and 4 promoting agents have been identified.
The 2nd method is useful to routine analysis of 8-12 PAHs in air-born particulates. This method consists of collection of particulates, vacuum sublimation, one-dimensional dual band thin-layer chromatography, and spectrofluorometry. By this method, it was demonstrated that benzo (a) pyrene contents in Tokyo air correlated significantly with the other 11 PAHs. The 3rd method is a rapid analytical method of benzo (a) pyrene, which consists of collection of particulates, ultrasonic extraction, one-dimensional dual band thin-layer chromatography, and spectrofluorometry. The ultrasonic extraction makes it possible to extract benzo (a) pyrene in 50 or more samples at once for about 20 min. This method is then useful to determining benzo (a) pyrene in many samples in a short time.
This paper describes also several results concerning PAHs pollution of Tokyo and Kawasaki air, which are obtained by the analytical mcthods above mentioned.

抄録全体を表示

Benzo (a) pyrene (Bap) in the atmosphere of northern industrial and commercial areas in Kyushu Island was periodically determined since 1959. The determination of Bap in the dust collected by deposit gauge and high volume air sampler was carried out by spectrophotometry after the purification of Bap with alumina column and acetylated paper. In Kita-Kyushu city, Bap contents in dustfall at 3 industrial districts were obviously different from those at 2 commercial districts. The annual mean values of Bap in dustfall from 1965 through 1970 were 67.9, 34 0, 51.3, 81. 7, 49.7 and 29.3 μg/m² · month at the industrial districts, while 6.1, 6.7, 13.4, 28.3, 10.5 and 2.5 μg/m² month at the commercial districts in Kita-Kyushu city. In Omuta city a chemical industrial city, Bap content in dustfall was not so high as observed at the industrial districts in Kita-Kyshu city, but gradual increase was observed from 1965 through 1970, that is, 9.6, 12.2, 11.6, 16.8, 27.6 and 23.6 μg/m²·month. The seasonal variation of Bap contents in suspended particulate matter in Kita-Kyushu city and in Fukuoka city was notable. However, this clear seasonal variation was lost after 1968 in proportion to the yearly decrease of Bap contents in suspended particulate matter. The highest amounts of Bap detected in suspended particulate matter was 121.3 μg/1000 m³ on November, 1967, in Kita- Kyushu city. The remarkable decrease of Bap in suspended particulate matter in the air of industrial and commercial area in northern districts of Kyushu Island, is considered to depend on strict legal regulation of air pollutants under the Air Pollution Control Law which was passed in 1967 in Japan.

抄録全体を表示

The suspended particulates including tar, benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) and other polycyclic hydrocarbons (hydrocarbon) and metals in Osaka City were analysed and compared by localisation as commercial and industrial area, during 1967-1974. Further determinations were performed about some hydrocarbons from automobile exhaust or different factories.
The results were as follows.
1) Suspended particulates, BaP and metals have been reduced after 1970, and pollution level has become similar in commercial and industrial area. The concentration of BaP was generally greater in winter than in summer.
2) The respirable particulate (smaller than about 7μ) was found, as 56-60 % of the total particulate, the tar was 81-91 %, the BaP and other hydrocarbons were 89-91 %, and the metals were Cd 80 %, Cu 70 %, Pb, Cr 60 % and Ni 45 %, respectively. BaP or other hydrocarbons and almost metals in the respirable particulates had good correlations with each other.
3) The ratio of each hydrocarbons to BaP in ambient air near a busy main road were higher percentage than these of urban atmosphere, and in the ambient air of different factories were higher than urban atmosphere except coronene. The ratios of coronene to BaP were suggested as posible indicator of source composition.

抄録全体を表示

Previously, we reported that there was a clear quantitative correlation between the carcinogenicity judged by an animal test system and mutagenicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons tested in Salmonella typhimurium mutant TA1538 strain using the rat liver enzyme. Using this test system, we are now investigating the mutagenicity of the extracts of air-borne materials at various areas.
In this paper, we report that the mutagenicity of benzene extracts of atmospheric suspended particulatematters (so-called tar) at the same area was directly proportional to B (a) P/tar ratio. We also review somebiological test systems with which the carcinogenicity and the mutagenicity of air-borne materials aredetected in vivo and in vitro.

抄録全体を表示

Polycyclic hydrocarbons and benzene extracts of particulate atmospheric pollutants were tested by a photodynamic bioassay with Paramecium caudatum.
Photodynamic potency was in following decreacing order: Benzo (a) pyrene>Benzo (ghi) perylene>Perylene>Benz (a) anthracene>Chrysene>Coronene.
The complex (Benzo (a) pyrene and other hydrocarbons) effect showed higher intensity than each single hydrocarbon.
The photodynamic potency of benzene extracts of particulate atomospheric pollutants was about 10 times, compared with that of pure Benzo (a) pyrene which was presumed by chemical analysis.

抄録全体を表示

Past observations in long term inhalation sutdy, the most “realistic” way of respiratory burden, were collected and briefly reviewed in view of air pollution carcinogenesis. Those experiences have been indefinite and unremarkable, when they were compared to those obtained by the other way of topical respiratory application including implantation and insufflation studies.
Long term exposure to several representative components, in gaseous as well as in particulated form, gave always negative oncogeneisis so far when they were applied separately. Even the most suspicious carcinogen in the ambient air, B (a) P, failed to exert its respiratory carcinogenicity up to unrealistically high concentration. On the other hand, combination of two components or factors, application of complexed mixture, i. e. gasoline engine exhaust or heavy oil combustion products, for instance, appeared to be more effective and promising way.
Results from a study of life-span inhalation of heavy oil combustion product was presented in respect to abnormal epithelial proliferation in the lung, and to increased incidence of total “spontaneous” malignency in the other organs. Elimination of particulated component from the combustions product resulted in complete inhibition of the above abnormal proliferation in the lung.
Urgent needs are stressed, for establishing strategy as well as for developing more simple and adequate techniques in the experimental field, in order to solve the problem of carcinogenesis due to “multiple factors, ” as seen in the air pollution, in which many possible carcinogenic and mutagenic substances are accompanied by many inhibitors and accelerators.

抄録全体を表示

Main factors contributing to the etiology of the lung cancer have been assumed to be cigarettes-smoking, air-pollution, occupational exposure, etc. The author made studies on the interrelationship between the air-pollution and the lung cancer. It was impossible to separate the air-pollution factor, the human lung cancer was caused by superposition of the several factors.
Pathological and histhological studies usings of dogs revealed that the frequency of highly contaminated lungs (anthracosis) was 44o out of 835 cases (53%) in Tokyo, while that of less-polluted area was 226 out of 902 cases (25%). similar results were obtained in case of lungs of pigeons. The lung cancer of the examined dog was found in 6 cases in Tokyo, and none in other areas. The experimental stimulation of the lung tumor was carried out by simultaneous application of carbon black and carcinogens with the result that carbon black accelerated the condition.

抄録全体を表示

In this experiment, Iron dusts, which were collected from the Cottrell instrument attached to an open hearth furnace, induced carcinomas of the lungs in Wistar-King rats when 7.5 mg were instilled intra-tracheally into the lungs once a week for 15 weeks. The incidence rate was 13.8 %, that is 4 tumor bearing rats out of 29 rats. Using the same method of intra-tracheal instillation, 1 mg of Benzo (a) pyrene (Bap) induced carcinomas of the lungs, the incidence rate was 22.0 %, that is 6 tumor bearing rats out of 27 rats. The suspension of 7.5 mg of the iron dusts with 1 mg of Bap induced carcinoma of the lungs and the incidence rate was 42.3 %, that is 11 tumor bearing rats out of 26 rats. In histopathological findings, almost all carcinomas were squamous cell carcinoma, 19 cases out of 21 cases, and on the contrary adenocarcinoma was present in only 2 cases out of 21 cases.
In comparison among the incidence rates of 3 experimental groups, there was an additional association between the iron dusts and Bap for carcinogenicity to the lungs of rats.

抄録全体を表示

Studies were carried out to examine the relationships between air pollution and lung cancer mortality distribution in Osaka Prefecture for the period 1960 to 1969.
The results obtained were as follows,
1) Age adjusted mortality of lung cancer for areas of differing urbanization levels were higher with higher urbanization.
2) The available data on the smoking habits in the surveyed districts could not account for the excess mortality in urban areas.
3) The geographical distribution of lung cancer mortality for male in Osaka city was correlated to the level of air pollution from mobile sources, rather than to that from stationary sources.

抄録全体を表示