TANSO
Online ISSN : 1884-5495
Print ISSN : 0371-5345
ISSN-L : 0371-5345
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Volume 2011, Issue 249
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Special Issue on the Japan–Germany Joint Seminar
Research Papers
  • Intercalation of sodium into graphite-like layered material BC2N
    Kaoru Yamada, Akihiro Kurasaki, Masayuki Kawaguchi
    Article type: Research Papers
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 161-167
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.161
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Graphite-like layered material of composition BC2N was prepared by the CVD reaction of acetonitrile with boron trichloride at 2070 K. Sodium was intercalated into the BC2N film and powder by two methods: a vapor phase reaction and an electrochemical method. The first stage compounds were prepared by the vapor phase reaction using the BC2N film and powder. A mixture of the first and the second stage compounds was prepared from the BC2N powder, while the first stage compound was prepared from the BC2N film by the electrochemical method. The d-spacing of the intercalated layers was 0.43 nm, calculated from the sharp (001) and (002) diffraction lines observed on the X-ray diffraction patterns of the first stage compounds prepared from the BC2N films by the two methods.
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  • Measurement of the dimension changes of carbon artifacts during graphitization in a pilot LWG furnace
    Raymond Perruchoud, Werner Fischer, Italo Letizia
    Article type: Research Papers
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 168-173
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.168
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    A pilot lengthwise graphitization (LWG) furnace designed and operated by R&D Carbon Ltd is a high temperature/pressure dilatometer. The equipment is suitable either for research purposes or for checking industrial baked carbon artifacts (electrodes/cathodes) which have to resist the thermal stress created in the full size LWG process. Unlike conventional high temperature dilatometers, this equipment offers the possibility to test cylindrical specimens of large size (φ50×500 mm) and under pressure. This pilot testing provides useful information for the optimization of the power profile in industrial furnaces aiming to maximize the productivity and minimizing the scrap rate of the end products.
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Review Paper
  • Carbon fiber & composite material
    —Landscape Germany—
    Wilhelm Frohs, Hubert Jaeger
    Article type: Review Paper
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 174-178
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.174
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The commercialization of carbon fibers and their composites initially served the defence and aerospace industry. Sporting goods followed and allowed carbon fiber companies to survive the years after the cold war. High prices and manual production technologies hindered entrance into big consumer markets. This situation is going to change with the implementation of highly automated textile processes for the production of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). The biggest impetus is coming from the energy and CO2 debate. Thus CFRP components will further grow in the aviation industry but also spread into automobiles, windmills, civil engineering and other industrial applications. The carbon fiber market is dominated by producers based in Japan and in the USA, with precursor production in the hands of Japanese companies. Europe has failed to build home-based precursor and carbon fiber production technologies. SGL Group—The Carbon Company as a leader in the carbon and graphite industry recognized this situation and started to expand its competence in carbon fiber and related technology. This includes its own precursor production as well as downstream processes like textile techniques and CFRP components. These activities are embedded in an industrial and scientific network which has its centre in the south of Germany. SGL's strategy is to become a European/German home-based key player in carbon fiber and composite technology.
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Research Papers
  • Pore structures and ethylene adsorption behavior of polysaccharide-derived carbons
    Naoya Miyajima, Koji Hirooka, Hideto Sakane, Masako Furuya, Kaoru Tamu ...
    Article type: Research Papers
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 179-184
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.179
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Changes of the pore structures in the carbonization process of two kinds of polysaccharides, cellulose and starch, were investigated in connection with their ethylene adsorption behavior. Both polysaccharides showed a large weight loss at around 400°C during pyrolysis. Thereafter, micropores were developed at 500–700°C where carbon micro-textures are formed with the elimination of light gases. N2 adsorption at −196°C could not correctly evaluate the micropores because of a temperature kinetic effect on the adsorption, while CO2 adsorption at 25°C was successfull. The uptake amount of ethylene can be predicted from the micropore surface area calculated from CO2 adsorption. The polysaccharides used in this study showed excellent ethylene adsorption after a simple carbonization treatment without carbon-surface modification such as activation or a catalyst support.
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  • Evaluation of organic vapor breakthrough time of an activated carbon bed containing moisture by Wood's estimation model using the Wheeler–Jonas equation
    Hironobu Abiko
    Article type: Research Papers
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 185-190
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.185
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    The breakthrough time estimation model reported by Wood makes use of the Wheeler–Jonas equation, the Dubinin–Radushkevich equation and previous research progress regarding gaseous adsorption of compact activated carbon beds. The estimation model can take into account the effects of temperature and relative humidity in the environments of activated carbon beds and type of organic vapor as adsorbates. In using the model, the determination of several constants or coefficients of its equations is important, and Wood also reported several empirical formulas for the constants or coefficients. In this study, we carried out an estimation of the breakthrough time by the model, and examined problems regarding its empirical formulas and its effectiveness with reference to the experimental data of breakthrough times. In particular, the determination of affinity coefficient of organic vapor βOV is most significant in the model. The values of βOV calculated by the empirical formula presented by Wood are liable to be small for application of recent activated carbon products for gas adsorption or gas respirators in Japan, and the formula requires further improvement for exact estimation by the model.
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  • Electrical resistivity change of cathode graphite during electrolysis in alumina molten salt
    —effect of electrolysis temperature—
    Noboru Akuzawa, Tomohiro Komoda, Koji Tamada, Takahiro Hirayama, Hiros ...
    Article type: Research Papers
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 191-194
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.191
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    The effect of electrolysis temperature on the resistivity change of cathode graphite during and after electrolysis of alumina molten salt was investigated. The resistivity decreased along with electrolysis and increased after the electrolysis ended. For electrolysis at 910 and 920°C, ρ/ρ0, the resistivity normalized by the original value, decreased to ~0.80 at first and then showed a plateau at ρ/ρ0~0.40 during electrolysis. On the other hand, for electrolysis at 950 and 980°C, only a plateau at ρ/ρ0~0.80 was observed. Formation of the stage 8 sodium-graphite intercalation compounds was confirmed for the phase with ρ/ρ0~0.40, in contrast to the random stage structure for the phase with ρ/ρ0~0.80. The SEM-EDX measurement of the phase with ρ/ρ0~0.40 showed that sodium was detected not only in the vicinity of the surface but also the inner part of the cathode. The signal intensity of sodium was almost uniform in the cross section of cathode, indicative of sodium intercalation all over the graphite. The cathode was continuously kept at the electrolysis temperature for long time after interruption of electrolysis current until the resistivity showed a steady value. The resistivity determined after cooling to room temperature was larger than that before electrolysis.
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Integrated Paper
  • Relation of crystallinity and orientation function to the magnetoresistance of carbon materials
    Yoshihiro Hishiyama, Yutaka Kaburagi, Michio Inagaki
    Article type: Integrated Paper
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 195-212
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.195
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Supplementary material
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    The relation of crystallinity and preferred orientation parameters to the magnetoresistance of carbon materials was examined. We derived the parameters for carbon samples having a planar orientation with the electric current flowing along the direction perpendicular to the orientation symmetry axis and for those having an axial orientation along the direction parallel to the orientation symmetry axis. On the basis of the magnetoresistance data on carbon materials, including pyrolytic carbons, carbon films, cokes, carbon fibers, etc., the formulae of orientation functions for planar and axial orientations were derived. The I3/I1 value derived from the orientation function is proposed as the parameter for preferred orientation in carbon materials, which changes in the range 0–2/3 for the planar orientation, 2/3 for random and point orientations and in the range 2/3–1 for the axial orientation. The parameter [Equation] shows a good correspondence to interlayer spacing d002 for all carbon materials used, which is useful to differentiate the crystallinity of highly graphitized materials.
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Review Paper
  • Carbon formation in supercritical water reaction medium
    Ki Chul Park, Kenji Takeuchi, Takuya Hayashi, Morinobu Endo
    Article type: Review Paper
    2011 Volume 2011 Issue 249 Pages 213-217
    Published: September 01, 2011
    Released on J-STAGE: September 22, 2011
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2011.213
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    Supercritical water (SCW) has various physicochemical properties tunable with its temperature and pressure conditions. In recent years, SCW has been used as a new reaction medium for the preparation of carbon. Particularly, the presence of a radical initiator in SCW has provided carbon particles even at the low temperature of 400°C. Furthermore, the selection of adequate starting materials in the corresponding system enables the formation of carbon-metal oxide composites. Here we review research on the application of SCW media to carbon formation.
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Series Lectures
Errata
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