巻号一覧
2015 巻 (2015)
- 270 号 p. 225-
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- 268 号 p. 131-
- 267 号 p. 77-
- 266 号 p. 1-
2015 巻, 270 号
選択された号の論文の8件中1～8を表示しています
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総説
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井上 誠一原稿種別: 総説
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 225-231
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありHydrothermal carbonization is a thermochemical conversion technique for biomass utilization. It is realized by applying high temperatures (453∼623 K) to a lignocellulosic biomass in an atmosphere of saturated steam for several hours. With this conversion process, charcoal products are produced. The charcoal obtained can be used as a fuel with a higher calorific value because the wt% of carbon is much higher. Furthermore, it has been studied for use as a functional material, such as porous carbon. This paper discusses the reaction mechanisms for producing charcoal from lignocellulosic biomass under hydrothermal conditions and provides an overview of recent advances in several uses of the charcoal.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1013K) -
吉澤 秀治原稿種別: 総説
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 232-240
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありSince carbonized material made from wood-based biomass (biochar) is stable for a long period in the soil, the addition of biochar to soil can be used as a means of carbon sequestration and storage. From research on the use of carbonized material in the terra preta (black land) of the Amazon basin and the history of the use of low temperature carbonized rice husk (smoldered rice husk) in agricultural soil in Japan, the beneficial use of carbonized materials for soil improvement has been confirmed. The addition of biochar to soil makes it possible to simultaneously achieve carbon storage and soil improvement. This was generally recognized in 2005, since when research and development have been conducted around the world. It has been shown that by adding this carbonized material to the soil, microorganisms proliferate and this develops an aggregate structure of the soil of several tens of micrometers to several millimeters in size. It is suggested that the proliferation of microorganisms of VA mycorrhizal fungi and root nodule bacteria and the soil aggregation introduce water-retention ability and permeability that promotes plant growth.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (4321K)
解説
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Motoi Machida, Yoshimasa Amano, Fumio Imazeki原稿種別: Review Paper
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 241-249
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありThe adsorptive removal of pollutants from water by activated carbons (ACs) and activated carbon fibers (ACFs) and related studies are briefly reviewed based on our own studies and a literature survey. AC and ACF can be derived from various carbonaceous precursors using physical and chemical activation. Pretreatment of raw bamboo with an alkali to remove hemicellulose and lignin resulted in an AC with wide pores that can accommodate bulky large molecules. Adsorption of organic pollutants from water was principally governed by the surface area and pore size of the AC and ACF, and a hydrophobic surface was desirable, although ionic pollutants preferentially adsorbed on a hydrophilic AC and ACF surface containing hetero atoms of oxygen and nitrogen. Cationic pollutants in water such as heavy metal ions could be effectively removed by negatively charged pyridine, pyrrole and especially carboxy groups of a Brønsted acid on the AC surface, whereas anionic pollutants of nitrate, phosphate, fluoride and arsenic, for instance, adsorb on positively charged species such as quaternary nitrogen (N-Q), aliphatic amine, quinone, and a lactone of Lewis acid. Since an AC surface contains a large number of different nitrogen and oxygen species, one must tailor the surface so that the desired species are dominant in order to prepare an adsorbent for a particular purpose.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (765K) -
里田 秀敏原稿種別: 解説
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 250-256
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありDry distillation is an old fashioned technique developed a long time ago. We have developed a continuous dry distillation furnace which does not require any fuel for regular operation. The furnace can recover carbon black (RCB; recycled carbon black) from scrap rubber that can be used as a fuel for steel manufacture. We tried to discover another use for RCB in an asphalt pavement because of the good affinity between carbon black and asphalt. Our results show a tough and relatively low cost porous asphalt pavement which provides superior driving stability even in rain. The pavement prevents traffic noise in city areas. The asphalt has been paved by regional or national governments for more than 10 years without any problems. All roads with the asphalt remain good looking.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (7153K) -
林 灯原稿種別: 解説
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 257-263
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありCarbon is an essential material in a future hydrogen energy society. In particular we focus on the roles of carbon as components of PEFCs (polymer electrolyte fuel cells). Carbon materials are used in almost all parts of a PEFC except for the electrolyte membrane. Although classical graphite and carbon black are still used, alternative carbon materials, such as nanotubes, nanofibers, graphene, and mesoporous carbon, have been developed for the purpose of increasing the activity and durability of PEFC. In this paper, the roles of carbon in separators, gas diffusion layers, and electrocatalyts of PEFC are introduced. Regarding electrocatalysts, other than their original role as catalyst supports, carbon materials work as catalysts after doping with heteroatoms. Recent research directions are also discussed.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1434K) -
松本 里香原稿種別: 解説
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 264-272
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありThermoelectric generators that convert thermal energy into electrical energy through thermoelectric materials have attracted considerable attention recently, because of their potential use in various applications. Using this technology, electricity can be generated from waste heat. However, the only practically usable thermoelectric material currently available is Bi2Te3. Thus, the development of other thermoelectric materials that have a high performance and are safer is necessary. Although most thermoelectric materials are alloys and ceramics, in recent years, organic materials have also been explored for use as flexible thermoelectric materials. The thermoelectric characteristics of various carbon materials, in particular, carbon nanotubes, have also been reported. In this paper, we review the fundamentals of thermoelectric power generation. In addition, we also review and discuss the results of studies on the thermoelectric properties of carbon materials such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, graphene, composites, and graphite intercalation compounds.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (777K)
レポート
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山田 泰弘原稿種別: レポート
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 276-283
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありPDF形式でダウンロード (3940K) -
加登 裕也原稿種別: レポート
2015 年 2015 巻 270 号 p. 284-285
発行日: 2015/11/15
公開日: 2015/12/18
ジャーナル 認証ありPDF形式でダウンロード (1093K)
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