On the southern slope of Mt. Iwaki there are three newly-cultivated areas, Komoriyama, Tsugaru-Haguro and Mizuho.
Settlers moved into these areas in 1949, and have developed the land-utilization in accordance with the conditions of respective areas. But in the early stages, the degree of land utilization was low, and the crops were mainly of the self-support for the settlers.
The farmers of Mizuho area are the repatriates from Karafuto. Since 1952, some farmers have raised in the fields which they rented from the farmers of Karekitai.
The desire of farmers in the newly-cultivated areas was to produce their food with their own hands.
At the beginning of rice cultivation, the yield was low (about 1 koku per tan), because of the low temperature of irrigation water and the poor technical skill. But, as they adopted protected semiirrigated nursery method as well as the introduction of new and stronger variety of rice, the yield per unit area has gradually increased (it showed a yield of about 2.4 koku per tan in 1960). The increase of agricultural income made it possible for the farmers to obtain security of living.
The settlers in Tsugaru-Haguro area and Komoriyama area came from neighboring areas, so they were more or less dependent on their relatives at home. Consequently, the reclamation of the waste land has made less progress in this area. They cultivate mainly upland crops such as cereals, beans, potato, and rapeseed etc., and the unit yield was low, because the soil is covered with volcanic ash and is therefore, less fertile. Moreover the use of tractors for the reclamation made the condition of arable-land less favorable.
But, since 1960 their plan of cultivation has hen intensified with the adoption of new commercial crops, e.g. tomatoes in Tsugaru-Haguro and vegetables and fruit trees in Komoriyama. This enabled them to secure the increased agricultural profit.
In the progress of land-use, the farmers of Mizuho area exercised a favorable influence upon their neighborhood, that is, they encouraged rice cultivation in Karekitai area, and their example was the cause of increased arable-land and more use of farm-machinery. Recently, the joint management of farms is about to be put into practice, and for this reason too, the due consideration must be paid for the progress of land-use a d its relation to its neighboring areas.

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During the period 1920-1932 the expansion of rice fields in Hokkaido went on extensively and rapidly. Remarkable changes can be seen in the distribution of the fields. In this paper, the author explains the expansion and distribution of the rice fields in relation to the nature of the land.
(1) Before 1920 the expansion of rice fields was confined, as a whole, to the valley floors and alluvial plains along the foot of the hills and mountains where it was relatively easy to get irrigation water from the tributaries of the Ishikari River.
The first large scale irrigation system from main stream was established by Fukagawa Doko Kumiai Fig. 2, one of the associations for the irrigation. In this period, the reclamation of rice fields in the central part of the plain was carried on by Shinoro Heison Doko Kumiai No. 2, Fig. 1.
(2) After 1920 the expansion of rice fields in the plain had progressed on a large scale, together with the construction of large scale irrigation systems, complete pumping facilities, and many irrigation reservoirs for uplands. These works were brought about by several Doko Kumiai under the financial support by the national government.
(3) Although the expansion of rice fields in the peaty and swampy lands took place since 1930, the full-scale development in these lands was delayed until after World War II.
(4) The full-scale reclamation during the time of land owner system was carried out by the Doko Kumiai, and after the War it was brought about directly by the agency of the national government.

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The postwar prosperity of the port of Misaki has much to do with the growth of the oversea fishery. The increase of the catch has been chiefly due to that of the tuna. At that time Japanese boats were excluded from the fishing grounds of Antarctic and Arctic Oceans, and the large companies like Taiyo Fishing Co., Nichiro Fishing Co. and etc., set their establishments in Misaki, and covered to tuna fishery. The number of medium and small companies and shipowners for thg oversea fishery also increased in this period. They started the tuna fishery in the South Pacific and the Indian Oceans as soon as the limitations of fishing-grounds were removed after the conclusion of the Peace Treaty in 1952.
Since 1953, the increase of the number and the size of fishing boats has been accelerated, the trend was especially remarkable in Misaki and it has been so till now.
In April in 1962, the number of the fishing boats belonging to Kanagawa Prefecture engaged in tuna fishery was 172, though that was 116 in 1953. Moreover the increase in size is remarkable and the total tonnage of ships for this prefecture was 69, 300 in 1962. It is 3.7 times larger than 18, 400 tons in 1953 and is 5.5 times larger than that in 1951. In 1960, the national average tonnage of ships was 193, and that of Kanagawa Prefecture was 363.
The landing of the tuna at Misaki Port was increasing until 1955, but it has been decreasing since. Thus gradual increase in number and rapid increase in size of boats have been going on, but on the other hand, the landing of fish has been decreasing. In contrast to the decrease of the landing at Misaki Port, that landing in the national total has been increasing.
We cannot explain the fact through the location of the port in relation to the market. Part of the reason will be the changes in the fishing grounds, while another part will be reduced to the difference of accommodations at various ports concerned.
(1) The catch was increasing until 1955, owing mainly to the increasing number of larger ships.
(2) Since 1956, operations in the Atlantic, the South Pacific and the Indian Oceans became prominent, and the landing at European countries and Samoa Islands has also been increasing rapidly.
(3) The landing at the ports engaged in export, for instance, Shimizu, Kurihama and Yokohama has been increaing, while the landing at Misaki is decreasing.
(4) More and more, the system of the tuna fishery has been organized and controled by fishing companies and trading firms with capitals.
* In this paper, the word tuna stands for Japanese maguro, which includes various kinds of tuna as well as frigate mackerel and other fishes.

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(1) Formerly the production of Japanese hand-made paper in Gifu Prefecture was concentrated in the valleys of the Ibi and Nagara rivers, but is now shifted into Makitani, the basin of the river Itadori.
(2) The reason of this change can be attributed to the quality of water there, and the devices in the process of manufacture and management. Traditionally, Oyakata, the managers, collected the sons of farmers to work at the paper workshops, but the changes of systems are affecting the old customs. The technique of paper-making has been delivered from a generation to the filial generation, and the group of people engaged in this work has been firmly fixed.
(3) Remoteness of this area from the labor market helped the owners keep the low wages.
(4) Gradually people engaged in this business came to be compelled to change their job on account of the changes in the ways of consumption as well as the competition from mechanization. Usually they chose other businesses which are in many ways like the old one, namely such are small home industries using very cheap labor.
(5) We can say that the low waged labor system is the primary factor that changed the location of the paper manufacture in this district. And the local characteristics of the labor system is also influenced by natural conditions such is the existence of good water both the surface and under ground, suited for the work, shortage of plains for arable land, and the remoteness of the district from the main labor market.

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Near Ube City in the southern part of Yamaguchi Prefecture, at least, three levels of marine terraces are recognizable. The surface of the upper terrace is 30 to 40 meters above the present sea level, and the contemporary strandline corresponding to the terrace is presumed to have somewhat higher than 40 meters. The middle terrace preserves its flat surface between 10 and 15 meters. The presumable strandline is generally about 20 meters above present sea level. The lower terrace is preserved at the height of 10 meters or less. In the cases of the upper and middle terraces these surfaces are composed of either the wave-cut bedrocks or sands, pebbles and gravels (1-6 meters thick), and in the latter case the facies are of beach deposits. The middle terrace, in particular, strikingly bears beach gravels which are deposited along a horizontal line at some places. These two terraces are covered with reddish loam 1-3 meters thick, seemingly derived from volcanic ash.
The feature of these terraces may be interpreted as the evidence of the process outlined below. When the upper terrace was formed, the sea level was almost stagnant for a period, then a gradual regression of the sea-level followed to form the abrasion slope. After that, the sea-level went into a stand-still again to form the middle terrace. The formation of these two terraces apparently goes back to the age before the climax of the eustatic regression in the last glacial stage. The lower terrace is composed of sand bar deposits and its surface was formed in a post-glacial period.

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