From the analysis of the location of Japanese iron and steel plants in coastal areas, the author summarizes their distribution as follows:
1) Coal-controlled System
a) Integrated iron and steel plants are located without exception right on the wharves for ocean vessels. The sites of blast furnaces are limited in the littoral areas within 0.0-1.5 kilometers from the wharves.
b) The steel plants with open hearth furnaces are usually found within zones along the canals and rivers which run through the market areas to the wharves, from which they are 0.0-15.0 kilometers in distance.
c) The single rolling mills and the re-rollers are dispersed broadly in the market areas along the canals or truck routes within the distances of 0.5-40.0 kilometers from the wharves.
2) The Electric-controlled System
a) The location of ferro-alloy and electric pig iron plants shows no relation with the littoral areas, because their sites are found in far inland areas 100 or more kilometers from the wharves.
b) But many other iron and steel mills producing such products as casting, forging, steel and steel products are gathered in littoral areas 0.0-40.0 kilometers from the wharves.
In short, the more fundamental the productive process of the plants and their products become heavier and bulkier, the more the sites approach the wharves. When, we consider their average distances from the wharves from the view point of industrial conditions, we get the following figures;
Integrated iron and steel works…0.64km
Steel works with open hearth furnaces…3.47
Re-roller…7.5
Single rolling mills…9.0
Electric casting mills…11.8
Electric steel mills…16.8
Electric pig iron…38.6
Ferro-alloy…46.8
These works are not only distributed in the littoral areas side by side according to their industrial conditions, but also are combined together in such a way as to make cereal and economic changes easier and more profitable.

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The manufacturing of wooden fish cases for the shipping of marine-products is conditioned by the supply of materials and processed fish. However, in ports of fishing bases, manufacturing of fish cases is not so remarkable as the ship building and fish processing industry.
The author investigated the character of the fish case manufacturing in the following four fishing ports in Tohoku; Hachinohe, Kesennuma, Ishinomaki and Shiogama.
1) Wooden cases are used for more than paper, metal and chemical plastic cases, because the wood is more accessible than other kinds.
2) The fish case manufacture factories are located near the markets of marineproducts or near the landing places of fish.
There are two types in the distribution of factories.
One is a type in which the factories are concentrated around the fish markets such as in Hachinohe, Kesennuma and Ishinomaki. In those fishing ports, most of the fishes landed are so-called fish or lower classes-mackerel and cuttle fish. Fish case factories in those fishing ports moved accompanied with the moves of the fish markets. In the other type, factories are dispersed in fishing ports and there are no relation between fish case factories and fish markets. Such distribution is seen in Shiogama as well as in Yaizu, Shizuoka Prefecture, which has a conspicuous position in the ranking of fishing ports in Japan. Main landing fishes are so-called high class fish like tuna.
3) Average number of employees of the factories is 3-5, and most of them are women as the result of labour shortage and use of machines.
4) Wood as raw material is obtained from areas within 80km from the factories through contacts with timber merchants.

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Both Miyako and Kamaishi are located on the typical Ria-type coast of Rikuchu, and developed as local centers of the area. Before the Meiji Era they were fishing ports and markets of marine products in the coast. After Meiji, Miyako has grown in accordance with the development of fishery, while Kamaishi has developed by thanks to the establishment of a large iron-work. The author investigated the differences of their areal structure due to the difference of their functions.
At Miyako, the city area was enlarged chiefly by the local capital before the railway service was begun. Since RASA-KOGYO and two other factories were introduced in the outskirts of the city, the differentiation of residential section became more conspicuous. After the introduction of the railway service the main street was elongated towards the railway station from the port and the government areas. But the service function of the central shopping street was not large, even if that of Kuwagasaki section in the port area had supplemented to some extent. Such changes are characteristic of a city dependent on fishery.
On the other hand Kamaishi city has developed due to the existence of a Kamaishi iron manufacturing factory. The factory occupies the narroww valley, so the greater part of the residential quarter lies in the western part of the city far from the main street and the office section. For this reason the citizens of the west section make much use of the purchase cooperation managed by the company. This system gives not a little influence on the function of the central shopping section, and the service of this central section is highly appreciated.
The difference between factory workers at Kamaishi and fishery workers at Miyako can be seen clearly in the differences of kinds of shops in both cities.

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The form and function of a port are not only a part of those of a city, but also they exert a serious influence upon the other parts of city.
This is a survey of the port of Hakodate as an example of the growing process of a city and a port. The results are summarized as follows;
1) The old city was restricted within the north-west part of present city at the beginning of the Meiji era. The enlargement of city took place towards the land-neck connecting Hakodate island with the main island by means of the reclamation of the shallow sea at the end of the Meiji era.
2) The moving of the ship-like pier and the railway station was an occasion that resulted in the removal of the core of city from the old city to new city.
3) World War II checked the development of port activity, causing the decline of the city activity.
4) The modernization of port has been advanced since 1952. Especially, the recent reclamation of the sea is for the purpose of factory estate in the same way as in many other port cities.

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The population of Kushiro City which was 93, 356 in 1950, reached 174, 106 in 1965 and its urban districts were remarkably enlarged.
The author made an investigation of the newly developed housing suburbs in the northwestern part of the city on the relation between the movement of the population and the enlargement of the urban districts. Out of 4, 712 families living there, 1, 577 (33.5%) families came from outside the city and 2, 743 (58.2%) rom inside. Of those who moved from inside the city, the largest number (1, 543) are from the residential quarters developed after World War II, the second largest (636) from the residential quarters developed before the War, and the smallest (166) are from the central part of the city. Hence, it is evident that new housing suburbs of Kushiro are developing absorbing the population chiefly from the new residential quarters in the city.

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This is a case study of Oita Prefecture, in order to identify the causes and how central place hierarchy has been changed ecologically since 1920.
To measure the centrality-index of each central place, the writer has used the formula derived from B. Tietz's:
Cci=m′Pc(a/b-1)÷m
where Cci is the centrality-index of central place C in the time ti, mPc is the population of cetral place C in the time ti, a and b are the proportion of the trade and service workers to each population in the central place C and the region R respectively, and m is the changing ratio of the population in the region R during the period. He thinks that it is better than W. Christaller's formula, especially to measure changed quantatives of centralityindices during the period 1920-1965.
In 1920, the central places of Oita Prefecture classified A to G order were distributed as shown in fig. 3. Since then most of lower order centres have declined consistently (fig. 2). This decline is attributed to the competition from higher order centres, as well as the spread of service establishments of lower order into trbiutary areas of lower order centres. Whereas Oita has grown rapidly, the higher order centres such as Nakatsu, Hita, Saeki etc, grew until the pre-war time or immediately after the war, but turned to decline shortly thereafter. Hence, the writer thinks that a hierarchical system of central places dominanted by Oita has gradually been established in Oita Prefecture.

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In order to compare living expenditures in cities within Metropolitan areas with other cities in Kanto district, the author made some maps of these cities, showing the distribution of Engel coefficient, housing and its rent, and income. based on the statistical data of “1964 National Survey of Farming Income and Expenditures” published by Bureau of Statistic, the Prime Minister's Office.
The results are as follows:
(1) Engel coefficient and housing and its rent in living expenditures show almost same percentage in all of the cities.
(2) Neverthless, wages and salaries in the cities in Metropolitan area are higher than those in local cities.
The higher income is one of the cause of urbanization taking place in Metropolitan areas.

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In the early morning of September 25, 1966, a serious damage from the storm surge was given by Typhoon No. 26 on Motoyoshiwara Coast at the bead of the Suruga Bay.
1) The first storm surge attacked this coast at 1:20 a.m., and a couple of surges followed by half past one.
2) The storm surge went over the tide-water controlling embankment 13 meters high above the sea-level which was constructed on sand dunes, and flowed over the sand dunes at maximum height of 14 or 15 meters.
3) Many houses were heavily damaged and 14 people were killed. Especially, houses situated in small depressions on sand dunes were broken and carried away by the direct impact of the storm surge, in the form of muddy water in torrents and by the buoyancy caused by inundation.
4) Almost all of these houses were built in the past few years since the construction of the present tide-water controlling embankment, and were built without much consideration of the past serious disasters from the storm surges in this coast.

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The five tops of Mt. Wutaishan over 3000m above sea level are covered with thick boulders showing polygonal patterns, terassettes, and earth mounds. The writer thinks that the thick boulders were produced under the arid climate once prevailed, and were later modified to make periglacial phenomena above mentioned under the cold climate.

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At the north-east part of Shimokita peninsula, the writer found fossil periglacial phenomena originated in the last glacial age. At Cape Shiriya, some coastal dunes develop on the lower marine terrace at the height of 15-20m. Some fossil gelivation phenomena observed at the section of the coastal dune along a road cutting.
The dark grey sand layer of the coastal dune was abundant in angular and subangular tabular and wedge-shaped stones originated from bed rock. The tabular and wedge-shaped stones are deposited parallel to the surface.

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In the Ayashi Basin, four levels (I-IV) of river terraces develop along the Hirose River 230-90m in height. They are dissected differently depending upon valley types which are distributed according to the topographical locations. 1) Terraces suffered lateral erosion of the main stream are reduced by way of cliff-retreat, without any dissecting valley (III, IV). 2) Near the margin of terraces, far from the main stream, Kerbtal develops to split the flat surface. 3) The central part of the terrace, where the Muldental-type is predominant, has been transformed into a rolling surface, to the extent of losing the flatness of terrace surfaces (I, II).

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During the “Bai-u” season, cold and humid easterly wind called “Yamase” often prevails over Northeastern Japan. The distribution of frequency of non-fine weather (Fig. 1) or rainy weather (Fig. 2) under such a condition was obtained. Fig. 1 shows that the area of rainy or cloudy weather extending from the east is limitted by the higher part (>1000m) in Ou backborne range, and Fig. 2 shows that rainy weather often appears on the windward slope of the mountain ranges (Ou, Kitakami and Abukuma).

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According to the measurement results of the motor vehicle traffic amount at the certain place of the national highway No. 4 in the central urban district of Sendai, the authors pointed out following results. The mean daily traffic amount on Sunday shows about seven thouthand cars fewer than those on week days. There are three types of the dialy distribution pattern of traffic amount. Such are the Sunday type, the Saturday type and the week day type, and they are recognized regardless of the weather.

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In recent years, imported foodstuffs are on the increase in the ports of the metropoltian areas in Japan. In Tokyo area, the greater part of the imported foodstuffs is handled at Harumi Wharf and the main cargoes are raw sugar, fruits, rice, wheat and other grains. Cargo flows, from Harumi to the inland, are as following pattern.

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